Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 41,400,000 km2 | |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 73,300,000 km2 | |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | unknown | poor | estimated | 2012 |
| Population trend | decreasing | - | estimated | - |
| Generation length | 8.8 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated at 800,000-1,750,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). The European population is estimated at 74,400-154,000 pairs, which equates to 149,000-308,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The overall population trend is declining (Wetlands International 2015). In North America, this species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). The European population trend is unknown (BirdLife International 2015).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Albania | extant | native | yes | |||
| Algeria | extant | native | ||||
| Angola | extant | native | ||||
| Anguilla (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | extant | native | ||||
| Argentina | extant | native | ||||
| Armenia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Aruba (to Netherlands) | extant | native | ||||
| Australia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Austria | extant | native | yes | |||
| Azerbaijan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bahamas | extant | native | ||||
| Bahrain | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Barbados | extant | native | ||||
| Belarus | extant | native | yes | |||
| Belgium | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Belize | extant | native | ||||
| Benin | extant | native | ||||
| Bermuda (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | extant | native | yes | |||
| Brazil | extant | native | ||||
| Bulgaria | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cameroon | extant | native | ||||
| Canada | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Chad | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Chile | extant | native | ||||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | ||||
| Colombia | extant | native | ||||
| Congo | extant | native | ||||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Costa Rica | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Côte d'Ivoire | extant | native | ||||
| Croatia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Cuba | extant | native | ||||
| Cyprus | extant | native | ||||
| Czechia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Denmark | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Djibouti | extant | native | ||||
| Dominica | extant | native | ||||
| Dominican Republic | extant | native | ||||
| Ecuador | extant | native | ||||
| Egypt | extant | native | ||||
| El Salvador | extant | native | ||||
| Equatorial Guinea | extant | native | ||||
| Eritrea | extant | native | ||||
| Estonia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Ethiopia | extant | native | ||||
| Finland | extant | native | yes | |||
| France | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| French Guiana | extant | native | ||||
| Gabon | extant | native | ||||
| Gambia | extant | native | ||||
| Georgia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Germany | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ghana | extant | native | ||||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Greece | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Grenada | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Guatemala | extant | native | ||||
| Guinea | extant | native | ||||
| Guinea-Bissau | extant | native | ||||
| Guyana | extant | native | ||||
| Haiti | extant | native | ||||
| Honduras | extant | native | ||||
| Hungary | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Iceland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| India | extant | native | ||||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | |||
| Iraq | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Ireland | extant | native | ||||
| Israel | extant | native | ||||
| Italy | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Jamaica | extant | native | yes | |||
| Japan | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Jordan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kazakhstan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kenya | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Kuwait | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Latvia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Lebanon | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Liberia | extant | native | ||||
| Libya | extant | native | ||||
| Liechtenstein | extant | native | ||||
| Lithuania | extant | native | yes | |||
| Luxembourg | extant | native | ||||
| Madagascar | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Mali | extant | native | ||||
| Malta | extant | native | ||||
| Martinique (to France) | extant | native | ||||
| Mauritania | extant | native | ||||
| Mexico | extant | native | ||||
| Moldova | extant | native | yes | |||
| Mongolia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Montenegro | extant | native | yes | |||
| Montserrat (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Morocco | extant | native | ||||
| Namibia | extant | native | ||||
| Netherlands | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Nicaragua | extant | native | ||||
| Niger | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Nigeria | extant | native | ||||
| North Macedonia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Oman | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Palestine | extant | native | yes | |||
| Panama | extant | native | ||||
| Peru | extant | native | ||||
| Poland | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Portugal | extant | native | yes | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | extant | native | ||||
| Romania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Rwanda | extant | vagrant | ||||
| São Tomé e Príncipe | extant | uncertain | ||||
| Saudi Arabia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Senegal | extant | native | yes | |||
| Serbia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sierra Leone | extant | native | ||||
| Slovakia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Slovenia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Somalia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| South Africa | extant | native | ||||
| Spain | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Sri Lanka | extant | native | ||||
| St Kitts and Nevis | extant | native | ||||
| St Lucia | extant | native | ||||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | extant | native | ||||
| Sudan | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Suriname | extant | native | ||||
| Sweden | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Switzerland | extant | native | ||||
| Syria | extant | native | yes | |||
| Tajikistan | extant | native | ||||
| Tanzania | extant | native | ||||
| Togo | extant | native | ||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | extant | native | ||||
| Tunisia | extant | native | ||||
| Türkiye | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Turkmenistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
| Ukraine | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| United Kingdom | extant | native | yes | |||
| Uruguay | extant | vagrant | ||||
| USA | extant | native | yes | |||
| Uzbekistan | extant | native | ||||
| Venezuela | extant | native | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to UK) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Western Sahara | extant | native | ||||
| Yemen | extant | vagrant | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Freshwater Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Causing/Could cause fluctuations | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Cichla ocellaris | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (domestic use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Black Tern Chlidonias niger. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-tern-chlidonias-niger on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.