Data Zone
BirdLife International. 2015. European Red List of Birds. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Butcher, G. S.; Niven, D. K. 2007. Combining data from the Christmas bird count and the breeding bird survey to determine the continental status and trends of North American birds.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Delany, S.; Scott, D. 2006. Waterbird population estimates. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Flint, V.E.; Boehme, R.L.; Kostin, Y.V.; Kuznetsov, A.A. 1984. A field guide to birds of the USSR. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J.; Garcia, E.F.J. 2018. Black Tern (Chlidonias niger). In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (ed.), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, pp. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona.
IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 15 November 2018).
IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 10 December 2019).
Linz, G.M.; Blixt, D.C. 1997. Black Terns benefit from cattail management in the Northern Great Plains. Colonial Waterbirds 20(3): 617-621.
Richards, A. 1990. Seabirds of the northern hemisphere. Dragon's World Ltd, Limpsfield, U.K.
Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sparks, T. H.; Huber, K.; Bland, R. L.; Crick, H. Q. P.; Croxton, P. J.; Flood, J.; Loxton, R. G.; Mason, C. F.; Newnham, J.A.; Tryjanowski, P. 2007. How consistent are trends in arrival (and departure) dates of migrant birds in the UK? Journal of Ornithology 148: 503-511.
Urban, E.K.; Fry, C.H.; Keith, S. 1986. The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London.
van der Winden, J. 2002. Disturbance as a important factor in the decline of Black Tern Chlidonias niger in the Netherlands. Vogelwelt 123(1): 33-40.
van der Winden, J. 2005. Black tern Chlidonias niger conservation in the Netherlands - a review. Vogelwelt 126(3): 187-193.
van der Winden, J.; Beintema, A.J.; Heemskerk, L. 2004. Habitat related Black Tern Chlidonias niger breeding success in The Netherlands. Ardea 92(1): 53-61.
Wetlands International. 2015. Waterbird Population Estimates. Available at: https://wpe.wetlands.org. (Accessed: 17/09/2015).
Detailed species account from European Red List of Birds (BirdLife International 2015)
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Black Tern Chlidonias niger. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-tern-chlidonias-niger on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.