LC
Little Tern Sternula albifrons



Taxonomy

Taxonomic note
Sternula albifrons (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Sterna.

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - -

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2018 Least Concern
2016 Least Concern
2012 Least Concern
2009 Least Concern
2008 Least Concern
2004 Least Concern
2000 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988 Lower Risk/Least Concern
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type Average mass 57 g
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 204,000,000 km2 medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) 130,000,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size unknown poor estimated 2012
Population trend decreasing - suspected -
Generation length 10.9 years - - -

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.190,000-410,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2015). The European population is estimated at 36,000-53,000 pairs, which equates to 71,900-106,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). National population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs, c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Korea and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).

Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown or increasing trends (Wetlands International 2015). In Europe, the population size trend is unknown (BirdLife International 2015).


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Afghanistan extant native yes
Albania extant native yes
Algeria extant native
Angola extant vagrant
Armenia extant native yes
Australia extant native yes
Austria extant native yes
Azerbaijan extant native yes
Bahrain extant native yes yes
Bangladesh extant native
Belarus extant native yes
Belgium extant native yes
Benin extant native
Bosnia and Herzegovina extant native
British Indian Ocean Territory extant native
Brunei extant native
Bulgaria extant native yes
Burkina Faso extant vagrant
Burundi extant native
Cambodia extant native
Cameroon extant native
Cape Verde extant vagrant
Chad extant native
China (mainland) extant native
Colombia extant vagrant
Congo extant native
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the extant native
Côte d'Ivoire extant native
Croatia extant native yes
Cyprus extant native yes
Czechia extant native yes
Denmark extant native yes yes
Djibouti extant native
Egypt extant native yes
Equatorial Guinea extant native
Eritrea extant native
Estonia extant native yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark) extant vagrant
Fiji extant vagrant yes
Finland extant native yes yes
France extant native yes yes
Gabon extant native
Gambia extant native
Georgia extant native yes
Germany extant native yes yes
Ghana extant native
Gibraltar (to UK) extant native
Greece extant native yes yes
Guam (to USA) extant native yes
Guinea extant native yes
Guinea-Bissau extant native
Hong Kong (China) extant native
Hungary extant native yes
India extant native
Indonesia extant native
Iran, Islamic Republic of extant native yes yes
Iraq extant native yes
Ireland extant native yes
Israel extant native yes
Italy extant native yes
Japan extant native
Jordan extant native yes yes
Kazakhstan extant native yes
Kenya extant native
Kiribati extant vagrant
Kuwait extant native yes yes
Kyrgyzstan extant native yes
Laos extant native
Latvia extant native yes
Lebanon extant vagrant yes
Liberia extant native
Libya extant native
Lithuania extant native yes yes
Luxembourg extant vagrant
Malaysia extant native yes
Maldives extant vagrant
Mali extant native
Malta extant vagrant
Marshall Islands extant native yes
Mauritania extant native
Mauritius extant native
Micronesia, Federated States of extant native yes
Moldova extant native yes
Mongolia extant native yes
Montenegro extant native yes
Morocco extant native
Mozambique extant native
Myanmar extant native
Namibia extant vagrant
Nepal extant native
Netherlands extant native yes
New Caledonia (to France) extant vagrant
New Zealand extant native
Niger extant native
Nigeria extant native
North Korea extant native yes
North Macedonia extant native yes
Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) extant native yes
Norway extant native yes
Oman extant native yes
Pakistan extant native
Palau extant native yes
Palestine extant native yes
Papua New Guinea extant native yes
Philippines extant native
Poland extant native yes
Portugal extant native yes
Qatar extant native yes
Romania extant native yes yes
Russia extant native yes yes
Russia (Asian) extant native yes
Russia (Central Asian) extant native yes
Russia (European) extant native yes yes
Samoa extant vagrant
Saudi Arabia extant native yes
Senegal extant native yes
Serbia extant native yes
Seychelles extant vagrant
Sierra Leone extant vagrant
Singapore extant native
Slovakia extant native yes
Slovenia extant native yes
Solomon Islands extant native
Somalia extant native
South Africa extant native
South Korea extant native
Spain extant native yes yes
Sri Lanka extant native
Sudan extant uncertain
Sweden extant native yes
Switzerland extant native
Syria extant native yes yes
Taiwan, China extant native
Tajikistan extant native yes
Tanzania extant native
Thailand extant native
Timor-Leste extant native yes
Togo extant native
Tunisia extant native
Türkiye extant native yes
Turkmenistan extant native yes
Ukraine extant native yes yes
United Arab Emirates extant native yes yes
United Kingdom extant native yes
USA extant vagrant
Uzbekistan extant native yes
Vietnam extant native
Western Sahara extant native
Yemen extant vagrant yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Albania Karavasta Lagoon
Belarus Dniepr floodplain Lojeŭ-Žary
Belarus Mid Prypiac'
Belarus Prypiackija baloty
Belgium Voorhaven Zeebrugge and Baai van Heist
Bulgaria Atanasovsko Lake
Bulgaria Durankulak Lake
Bulgaria Emine
Bulgaria Mandra-Poda complex
Bulgaria Pomorie Lake
Bulgaria Shabla Lake Complex
China (mainland) Desert and wetland from Northern Urumqi to Dabancheng
China (mainland) Oasis, Desert and Wetland at Mosuowan
China (mainland) Ulungur Hu and Jili Hu (Fu Hai)
Croatia North Part of Zadar Archipelago
Croatia Sava River Near Hruscica
Croatia Upper Drava River
Denmark Fanø
Denmark Islands and coast between Skælskør Fjord and Glænø
Denmark Skallingen and Langli
Denmark South Læsø
Denmark Vadehavet (Wadden Sea)
Egypt Lake Bardawil
Egypt Lake Burullus
Egypt Lake Manzala
Estonia Kahtla-Kübassaare
Estonia Kolga bay
Estonia Pärnu bay (NEW)
Estonia Siiksaare-Oessaare bays
Estonia Väinameri
France Archipel de Molène
France Baie des Veys et Marais du Cotentin
France Camargue
France Cap Gris-nez
France Cordon lagunaire de Sète à Agde
France Etangs de Leucate et Lapalme
France Etangs de Vendres, Pissevache et Lespignan
France Etangs Montpellierains
France Etangs Narbonnais
France Jaudy et Sept-Iles
France Littoral Augeron
France Marais entre Crau et Grand Rhône: Meyranne, Chanoine, Plan de Bourg et Salins du Caban
France Petite Camargue laguno-marine
France Salines de l'Etang de Berre
France Salins d'Hyères et de Pesquiers
France Val d'Allier Bourbonnais
France Vallée de la Loire : de Nantes à Montsoreau
France Vallée de la Loire : environs de Blois
France Vallée de la Loire : environs de Montlouis-sur-Loire
France Vallée de la Loire : La Charité-sur-Loire
France Vallée de la Loire : Orléanais
France Vallée de la Loire: Pit majeur d'Iguerande à Décize
Germany Coast and lagoons of Western Pomerania
Germany Coastline of Probstei
Germany Drennhauser Hinterdeich
Germany Elbe marshes between Stade and Otterndorf
Germany Greifswalder Bodden
Germany Heerter See
Germany Lower Oder valley
Germany Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park
Germany Sagasbank and eastern coast of Oldenburg
Germany Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (includes the Halligs, Kniepsand/Amrum, Lister Koog, Rantumbecken, Rickelsb
Germany Wagbach lowlands
Germany Wismar bay and Salzhaff
Ghana Densu Delta Ramsar Site and vicinity
Ghana Keta Lagoon Ramsar Site
Ghana Songor Ramsar Site
Greece Alyki Kitrous lagoon
Greece Amvrakikos gulf
Greece Axios, Loudias and Aliakmonas rivers' deltas
Greece Evros delta
Greece Kalamas delta
Greece Mesolongi and Aitoliko lagoons, Acheloos delta and Evinos estuary
Greece Nestos delta and coastal lagoons
Greece Porto Lagos, lake Vistonida and coastal lagoons
Greece Spercheios valley and delta and Maliakos gulf
Guinea Rio Kapatchez
Guinea-Bissau Arquipélago dos Bijagós
Guinea-Bissau Cantanhez forests
Hungary Dráva
Iran, Islamic Republic of Gomishan marshes and Turkoman steppes
Iran, Islamic Republic of Hilleh Protected Area
Iran, Islamic Republic of Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay
Iran, Islamic Republic of Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa
Iran, Islamic Republic of South Caspian shore, from Astara to Gomishan
Ireland Connemara Islands
Ireland Inishkea Islands
Ireland Magharee Islands, Mucklaghmore and Illaunbarnagh
Ireland North Wicklow coastal marshes
Ireland Tory Island
Ireland Wexford Harbour and Slobs
Israel Carmel coast
Italy Cagliari wetlands
Italy Grado and Marano lagoon
Italy Isonzo mouth, Cona island and Panzano Gulf
Italy Northern Sardinia
Italy Ortazzo and Ortazzino
Italy Palmas Gulf wetlands
Italy Pantani di Vendicari e di Capo Passero
Italy Po Delta
Italy Punte Alberete and Valle della Canna, Pineta San Vitale and Pialassa della Baiona
Italy River Po from Dora Baltea mouth to Scrivia mouth
Italy River Po: from Ticino mouth to Boscone island
Italy Sinis and Oristano wetlands
Italy Valle Bertuzzi and Goro lagoon
Italy Valli di Comacchio and Bonifica del Mezzano
Italy Venice lagoon
Japan Enshunada - Marine
Japan Lake Hamanako, Enshunada
Kazakhstan Caspian Sea shore between Volga and Ural River Deltas
Kazakhstan Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve
Latvia Augsdaugava
Latvia Ovisi
Latvia Piejura
Latvia Randu meadows
Lithuania Nemunas delta regional Park
Lithuania Nemunas River between Pelesiskes & Balbieriskis settlements
Lithuania Nemunas River between Prienai & Lengveniskes settlements
Lithuania Nemunas River between Smalininkai & Kulautuva settlements
Lithuania Visbarai fish-farm
Malaysia Pulau Bruit National Park
Mauritania Banc d'Arguin National Park
Montenegro Bojana Delta
Montenegro Ulcinj saltpans
Mozambique Greater Bazaruto
Netherlands Delta Coast
Netherlands Grevelingen
Netherlands Lauwersmeer
Netherlands Wadden Sea
Netherlands Westerschelde & Saeftinghe
Netherlands Westkapelle, Vroon, natuurbouw
Palestine Wadi Gaza
Philippines Buguey wetlands
Poland Lower Bug river valley
Poland Lower Odra river valley
Poland Lower Vistula River Valley
Poland Malopolska Wisla river gap
Poland Middle Vistula River Valley
Poland Pilica River Valley
Poland Puck Bay
Poland Siemianowka Reseirvoir
Poland Swietokrzyskie Vistula River Valley
Poland Turek Site
Poland Vistula river mouth
Portugal Albufeira do Caia
Portugal Castro Marim
Portugal Mondego Estuary
Portugal Ria de Aveiro
Portugal Ria Formosa - Oceânica
Portugal Ria Formosa (Faro lagoon)
Portugal Sado estuary
Portugal Salinas de Alverca e do Forte da Casa
Portugal Santo André and Sancha lagoons
Portugal Tejo estuary
Romania Black Sea
Romania Braţul Borcea
Romania Confluenţa Olt - Dunăre
Romania Danube Delta
Romania Dunăre - Ostroave
Romania Dunărea Veche (Braţul Măcin)
Romania Lake Beibugeac (Plopu)
Romania Lake Bugeac
Romania Limanu - Herghelia
Romania Ostrovu Lung - Gostinu
Russia (Asian) Aniva bay
Russia (Asian) North-east Sakhalin lagoons
Russia (European) Beglitskaya sand-spit
Russia (European) Bulgarski
Russia (European) Dadynskiye lakes
Russia (European) Delta of the River Don
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Algashka river (Kirsko-Algashinskaya)
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Oka river between the mouth of Klyaz'ma river and Dzerzhinsk
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Oka river in Navashinski district
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Volga river between Gorodets and N.Novgorod
Russia (European) Flood-plain of Volga river between N.Novgorod and Pamyat' Parizhskoi Kommuny village
Russia (European) Floodplain of Oka river up-stream of the Murom
Russia (European) Forests and wetlands in the valley of the Nuzhma river
Russia (European) Islands in the western part of Lake Manych-Gudilo
Russia (European) Kamsko-Bakaldinskiye marshes
Russia (European) Kamsko-Ikski area
Russia (European) Khanskoye Lake
Russia (European) Kiziltash limans
Russia (European) Marshes near Pavlovskoye Zaoch'ye and adjoining floodplain of Oka river
Russia (European) Nizhnekamskaya flood-plain
Russia (European) Rybinsk reservoir
Russia (European) Shumerlinskaya
Russia (European) Sulakskaya bay
Russia (European) Sura environs
Russia (European) Upper Mologa river (lake Verestovo)
Russia (European) Yeiski salt-lakes
Russia (European) Zavidovo Reserve, including Lotoshinski, Klinski and Diatlovo fish ponds
Senegal Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve
Senegal Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie - marine
Serbia Donje Podrinje
Sierra Leone Yawri Bay
Slovenia Sečovlje saltpans
South Korea Cheonsu Bay
South Korea Nakdong-gang estuary
South Korea Sihwa-ho lake
Spain Albufera de Valencia marshes
Spain Bahía de Almería
Spain Cádiz bay
Spain Cape Busto-Luanco
Spain Costa da Morte
Spain Ebro delta
Spain El Hondo wetland
Spain Guadalquivir marshes
Spain Isla Cristina and Ayamonte marshes and Prado lagoon
Spain Lácara-Morante
Spain Mar Menor coastal lagoon
Spain Mata and Torrevieja lagoons
Spain Mountain range and saltpans at Cabo de Gata
Spain Odiel and Tinto marshes and Huelva coastal lagoons
Spain Plataforma Marina del Delta del Ebro - Columbretes
Spain River Piedras marshes and Rompido sandbank
Spain Santa Pola salt-pans
Spain Tabarca - Cabo de Palos
Sweden Bay of Skälder
Sweden Coastal area (including seaside meadows) of Eastern Öland
Sweden Coastal area of Eastern Gotland
Sweden Falsterbo – Bay of Fote
Sweden Lomma Bight
Türkiye Bakırçay Delta
Türkiye Ceyhan Delta
Türkiye Ereğli Plain
Türkiye Gediz Delta
Türkiye Göksu Delta
Türkiye Meriç Delta
Türkiye Seyfe Lake
Türkiye Seyhan Delta
Türkiye Sultan Marsh
Ukraine Karkinits'ka and Dzharylgats'ka bays
Ukraine Kryva peninsula
Ukraine Kuyal'nyts'kyj lyman
Ukraine Kyivs'ke reservoir
Ukraine Syvash Bay
United Arab Emirates Alqurm Wa Lehfeiyah (Khor Kalba)
United Kingdom Alde - Ore Estuary
United Kingdom Benacre to Easton Bavents
United Kingdom Chesil Beach and the Fleet
United Kingdom Chichester and Langstone Harbours
United Kingdom Dee Estuary
United Kingdom Duddon Estuary
United Kingdom Gibraltar Point
United Kingdom Great Yarmouth North Denes
United Kingdom Hamford Water
United Kingdom Humber Estuary
United Kingdom Lindisfarne
United Kingdom Mid-Essex Coast
United Kingdom Minsmere - Walberswick
United Kingdom North Norfolk Coast
United Kingdom Northumbria Coast
United Kingdom Sleibhtean Agus Chladach Thiriodh
United Kingdom Solent Marshes and Southampton Water
United Kingdom Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast
United Kingdom Uists Machairs, Lochs and Coast
United Kingdom Ythan Estuary, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch
Uzbekistan Rogatoe Lake
Uzbekistan Zholdyrbas Lake

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites suitable breeding
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites suitable non-breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes suitable breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes suitable non-breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Coastal Freshwater Lakes suitable breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Coastal Freshwater Lakes suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Estuaries suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Estuaries suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Macroalgal/Kelp suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Macroalgal/Kelp suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Pelagic marginal resident
Marine Neritic Seagrass (Submerged) suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Seagrass (Submerged) suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Sandy suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Sandy suitable non-breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Sandy-Mud suitable breeding
Marine Neritic Subtidal Sandy-Mud suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) suitable breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) suitable breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) suitable breeding
Wetlands (inland) Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) suitable non-breeding
Altitude 0 - 2000 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success
Climate change & severe weather Habitat shifting & alteration Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Unknown Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Human intrusions & disturbance Recreational activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Species disturbance
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Problematic native species/diseases - Larus novaehollandiae Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Problematic native species/diseases - Vulpes vulpes Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development Housing & urban areas Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Utilisation
Purpose Scale
Sport hunting/specimen collecting subsistence, national

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Little Tern Sternula albifrons. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-tern-sternula-albifrons on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.