Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Least Concern | |
| 2018 | Least Concern | |
| 2016 | Least Concern | |
| 2013 | Least Concern | |
| 2012 | Least Concern | |
| 2011 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Vulnerable | A2b,c,e; A3b,c,e; A4b,c,e |
| 2004 | Vulnerable | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Threatened |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type |
continent |
Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 24,800,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 61,600,000 km2 | medium |
| Number of locations | 11-100 | - |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 80000-134000 mature individuals | good | suspected | 2020 |
| Population trend | stable | medium | suspected | 1994-2011 |
| Generation length | 3.79 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The European population is estimated at 32,900-42,600 pairs, which equates to 65,800-85,200 mature individuals (BirdLife International in prep.). Several thousand pairs breed outside this range, principally in central Asia. The population in China has been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009). The population in Kazakhstan has been estimated at 5,000-10,000 pairs (Wassink & Oreel, cited in Orta & Kirwan 2020). The population in North Africa is estimated to be at least 2,500-3,000 breeding pairs (Garrido et al. in prep.). Global population estimates vary significantly, from 50,000-60,000 individuals (Pilard 2005, cited in Global Raptor Network 2021) to 120,000 individuals (Fishpool 1997, cited in Global Raptor Network 2021) and even 650,000-800,000 (Cade 1982). Wintering population estimates include a roost in Senegal of up to 28,000 individuals in January 2007 (Demey et al. 2012), and 88,976 in south Africa based on roost counts in 2006/2007 (Global Raptor Network 2021). The global population is therefore suspected to fall in the band 120,000-200,000 individuals, roughly equating to 80,000-134,000 mature individuals.
Trend justification: Although severe declines were recorded during the second half of the 20th century, the species appears to be stable or increasing slightly in many parts of its range (e.g. Iñigo and Barov 2010). The European population is estimated to have remained stable over the last three generations (11.37 years [Bird et al. 2020]), and to have increased since 1980 (BirdLife International in prep.).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Albania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Algeria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Angola | extant | native | yes | |||
| Armenia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Austria | extinct | native | yes | |||
| Azerbaijan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bahrain | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bangladesh | extant | uncertain | yes | |||
| Belgium | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Benin | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | extant | native | yes | |||
| Botswana | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bulgaria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Burkina Faso | extant | native | yes | |||
| Burundi | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cambodia | extant | uncertain | ||||
| Cameroon | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Central African Republic | extant | native | yes | |||
| Chad | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Congo | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | extant | native | yes | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | extant | native | yes | |||
| Croatia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cyprus | extant | native | yes | |||
| Czechia | extinct | native | yes | |||
| Denmark | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Djibouti | extant | native | yes | |||
| Egypt | extant | native | yes | |||
| Eritrea | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Eswatini | extant | native | yes | |||
| Ethiopia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| France | extant | native | yes | |||
| Gabon | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| Gambia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Georgia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Germany | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Ghana | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Greece | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Guinea | extant | native | yes | |||
| India | extant | native | yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Iraq | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ireland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Israel | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Italy | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Japan | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Jordan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kenya | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Kuwait | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | extant | uncertain | yes | |||
| Laos | extinct | native | yes | |||
| Lebanon | extant | native | yes | |||
| Lesotho | extant | native | yes | |||
| Liberia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Libya | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Liechtenstein | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Malawi | extant | native | yes | |||
| Maldives | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Mali | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Malta | extant | native | ||||
| Mauritania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Moldova | extant | native | yes | |||
| Mongolia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Montenegro | extant | native | yes | |||
| Morocco | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Mozambique | extant | native | yes | |||
| Myanmar | extant | native | yes | |||
| Namibia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Nepal | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Niger | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Nigeria | extant | native | yes | |||
| North Macedonia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Oman | extant | native | yes | |||
| Pakistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Palestine | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Portugal | extant | native | yes | |||
| Qatar | extant | native | yes | |||
| Romania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Rwanda | extant | native | yes | |||
| Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Senegal | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Serbia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Seychelles | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Sierra Leone | extant | native | yes | |||
| Singapore | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Slovakia | extinct | native | yes | |||
| Slovenia | extinct | native | yes | |||
| Somalia | extant | native | yes | |||
| South Africa | extant | native | yes | |||
| South Sudan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Spain | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Sri Lanka | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Sudan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Sweden | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Syria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Tajikistan | extant | uncertain | yes | |||
| Tanzania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Togo | extant | native | ||||
| Tunisia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Türkiye | extant | native | yes | |||
| Turkmenistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Uganda | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ukraine | extant | native | yes | |||
| United Arab Emirates | extant | native | yes | |||
| United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Uzbekistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Western Sahara | extant | native | yes | |||
| Yemen | extant | native | yes | |||
| Zambia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Zimbabwe | extant | native | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | resident |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | breeding |
| Desert | Hot | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude | major | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Temperate | major | breeding |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | major | breeding | |
| Savanna | Dry | suitable | passage |
| Savanna | Dry | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 2400 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | (max) 3700 m |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | No decline | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Climate change & severe weather | Temperature extremes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Natural system modifications | Other ecosystem modifications | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | international |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/lesser-kestrel-falco-naumanni on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.