• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2bce+3ce+4bce; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	A2bce+3ce+4bce;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2016	Vulnerable	A2bce+3ce+4bce;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2012	Vulnerable	A2bce+3ce+4bce;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2010	Vulnerable	A2c,e; A3c,e; A4c,e; B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2008	Vulnerable	A2c,e; A3c,e; A4c,e; B2a+b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
2006	Vulnerable
2005	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type	shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	1,650,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	3,030,000 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	50 km2	medium
Number of locations	6-10	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	220000 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2010
Population trend	decreasing	medium	inferred	2003-2029
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	8.7 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2	-	-	-

Population justification: The breeding population is estimated at 110,000 pairs (Jennings 2010) (330,000 [Jennings 2000] to fewer than 500,000 [H. King in litt. 2005] individuals).

Trend justification: In the northern population, c.12 colonies have become extinct (Symens et al. 1993, Aspinall 1996, H. King in litt. 2005) since the 1960s, representing a potential loss of up to c.80,000 pairs. In Saudi Arabia, the number of breeding pairs declined by more than 75% during 1980-1992 (Symens et al. 1993). Declines are thought to be continuing due to coastal development, egg and chick collection (Wilson 2012) and marine pollution; and are placed here in the range 30-49% over three generations (c. 26 years).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Bahrain	extant	native	yes
Eritrea	extant	native			yes
India	extant	vagrant			yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native	yes
Iraq	extant	uncertain
Kuwait	extant	native			yes
Oman	extant	native	yes
Qatar	extant	native	yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native	yes
Somalia	extant	native			yes
Sudan	extant	uncertain			yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	native	yes
Yemen	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Bahrain	Hawar Islands
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Sheedvar island
Oman	Barr al Hikman
Oman	Duqm
Oman	Halaaniyaat Islands
Oman	Hamr an Nafur
Oman	Jabal Qamar
Oman	Jazirat Hino
Oman	Khawr ad Dahariz
Oman	Khor Mughsayl
Oman	Musandam islands
Qatar	Al-Aliyah island
Qatar	Al-Ashat islands
Qatar	Shara'awh island
Saudi Arabia	Gulf coral islands
Saudi Arabia	Gulf of Salwah
United Arab Emirates	Al Rafiq
United Arab Emirates	Alqurm Wa Lehfeiyah (Khor Kalba)
United Arab Emirates	Bu Tinah
United Arab Emirates	Dayyinah Island (Diynah)
United Arab Emirates	Ghagha Island
United Arab Emirates	Khor Al Jazirah
United Arab Emirates	Salahah Island
United Arab Emirates	Siniyah Island
United Arab Emirates	Sir Bani Yas Islands
United Arab Emirates	Sir Bu Na'air Island
United Arab Emirates	Yasat Island
Yemen	Darsa
Yemen	Falang - Momi coast and cliffs (Socotra)
Yemen	Islands off Bir Ali
Yemen	Kal Farun (Socotra)
Yemen	Qishn beach
Yemen	Sabuniya (Socotra)
Yemen	Samha

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	suitable	breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		suitable	non-breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Whole (>90%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Vulpes vulpes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/socotra-cormorant-phalacrocorax-nigrogularis on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.