Data Zone
Taxonomic note
Clanga clanga (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Aquila.
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | A2cde |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Vulnerable | A2cde |
| 2016 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2013 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2012 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2011 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2008 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2007 | Vulnerable | |
| 2004 | Vulnerable | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | medium |
| Land-mass type |
continent |
Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 15,300,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 57,900,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 3900-10000 mature individuals | medium | suspected | 2021 |
| Population trend | decreasing | poor | suspected | 1961-2011 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 25-35% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 9.22 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 960-1,300 breeding pairs, equating to 1,900-2,500 individuals (BirdLife International In prep.). Europe forms 25-49% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 3,900-10,000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. There is very little data available on population sizes further east in the species's range. National population estimates include: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs, c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China; < c.50 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). Estimates based on known breeding areas in the Volga-Ural region and southwest Siberia and the amount of suitable habitat suggest that the Russian population may be as large as 4,000-4,500 breeding pairs (Karyakin 2008, Karyakin et al. 2012), however, given the vast size of the species's Russian range, further research is necessary to validate this. It is provisionally placed in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.
Trend justification: This species is suspected to have undergone at least a moderately rapid decline over the last three generations as a result of habitat loss and degradation throughout its breeding and wintering ranges, together with the effects of disturbance, persecution and competition with other predators. In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by over 30% in the past 28 years (three generations [Bird et al. 2020]) (BirdLife International In prep.). There is very little data available on population trends further east in the species's range. Information collected and published in the Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Birds of Prey of Northern Eurasia reported declines since the 20th century in various areas of Russia, including Darvinskyi reserve in northwest Russia (Babushkin & Kuznecov 2008), southeast Siberia (Elaev 2008) and the Northern Lower-Volga Region (Zavialov & Tabachishin 2008). However, surveys in the south of Western Siberia and the Volga-Ural region suggest that the species is still fairly common in these areas (Karyakin 2008; Karyakin 2012). The global population is provisionally suspected to be declining at a rate of 25-35% based on the decline in the European population, however further research is necessary to understand population dynamics in the Asian part of the species's range.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Albania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Armenia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Austria | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Azerbaijan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Bahrain | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Bangladesh | extant | native | yes | |||
| Belarus | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Belgium | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Bhutan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bulgaria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Cambodia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Cameroon | extant | native | yes | |||
| Chad | extant | native | yes | |||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Croatia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Cyprus | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Denmark | extant | native | yes | |||
| Djibouti | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Egypt | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Eritrea | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Estonia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ethiopia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Finland | extant | native | yes | |||
| France | extant | native | yes | |||
| Georgia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Greece | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Hong Kong (China) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Hungary | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| India | extant | native | yes | |||
| Indonesia | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Iraq | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Ireland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Israel | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Italy | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Japan | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Jordan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kazakhstan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Kenya | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kuwait | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Laos | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Latvia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Lebanon | extant | native | yes | |||
| Libya | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Lithuania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Luxembourg | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Macao (China) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Malaysia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Mali | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Moldova | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Mongolia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Montenegro | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| Morocco | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Myanmar | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Nepal | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Netherlands | extant | vagrant | ||||
| North Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| North Macedonia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Oman | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Pakistan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Palestine | extant | native | yes | |||
| Poland | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Portugal | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Qatar | extant | native | yes | |||
| Romania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Central Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Serbia | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Singapore | extant | native | yes | |||
| Slovakia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Slovenia | extant | native | yes | |||
| South Africa | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| South Korea | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
| South Sudan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Spain | extant | native | yes | |||
| Sudan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Switzerland | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Syria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Taiwan, China | extant | native | yes | |||
| Tajikistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Tanzania | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Thailand | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Tunisia | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Türkiye | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Turkmenistan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Uganda | extant | uncertain | yes | |||
| Ukraine | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| United Arab Emirates | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Uzbekistan | possibly extinct | native | yes | yes | ||
| Vietnam | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Yemen | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| Zambia | extant | native | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land | major | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
| Forest | Subarctic | major | breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level | suitable | non-breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Swamp | major | breeding |
| Forest | Temperate | major | breeding |
| Grassland | Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Shrubland | Temperate | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Shrub Dominated Wetlands | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 1400 m | Occasional altitudinal limits | (max) 4000 m |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Neovison vison | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Clanga pomarina | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Martes martes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (agricultural use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Natural system modifications | Other ecosystem modifications | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | subsistence, national |
| Sport hunting/specimen collecting | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/greater-spotted-eagle-clanga-clanga on 27/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 27/12/2024.