Taxonomic note
Closely related to C. galerita and C. ophthalmica. Previous recognised taxon included subspecies citrinocristata (del Hoyo & Collar 2014), but this now split as Citron-crested Cockatoo (which see). Subspecies abbotti strikingly large (except in bill size) (3), with small, pale brownish-yellow ear-covert patch (2). Subspecies djampeana and occidentalis generally regarded as synonyms of nominate subspecies and parvula, respectively, but new evaluation indicates real morphological differences and even possible subspecific division within djampeana (Collar & Marsden 2014). Five subspecies recognized.
Taxonomic source(s)
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2021. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
A2bcd+4bcd | A2bcd+4bcd | A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2021 | Critically Endangered | A2bcd+4bcd |
2016 | Not Recognised | |
2012 | Not Recognised | |
2008 | Not Recognised | |
2004 | Not Recognised | |
2000 | Not Recognised | |
1994 | Not Recognised | |
1988 | Not Recognised |
Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | medium |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 965,000 km2 | medium |
Number of locations | 15-100 | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | 1200-2000 mature individuals | medium | estimated | 2019 |
Population trend | decreasing | poor | inferred | 1979-2022 |
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 80-90% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 80-90% | - | - | - |
Generation length | 14.3 years | - | - | - |
Number of subpopulations | 10-100 | - | - | - |
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 1-89% | - | - | - |
Population justification: A recent estimation of the population of each subspecies produced as a result of intensive surveys throughout the species's range between 2016 and 2019 (Reuleaux et al. in prep.) suggests the following: nominate, on Sulawesi and its satellites, 27-105 individuals; parvula, on Timor, Rote, Semau, 430-990 individuals; paulandrewi, Tukangbesi islands, 81-170 individuals; djampeana, Flores Sea islands, 61-156 individuals; occidentalis, Nusa Penida and Lombok-Alor (although extinct on many islands), 1,200-1,700 individuals; and abbotti, 17-22 individuals. In total, the population is estimated to number 1,800-3,140, or 1,200-2,000 mature individuals, with the best estimate near the higher end of the range. This total is suspected to be only a small percentage of that present three generations ago, when the species was still widespread throughout Sulawesi and large numbers still occurred throughout the Lesser Sundas. The rate of reduction over this time is suspected to have been between 80-90%. Future declines are likely to be at a far slower rate as the majority of the population is now concentrated in protected areas, but trapping continues and there are several islands at imminent risk of losing their remaining few individuals.
Trend justification: This species has declined extremely rapidly owing to international trade in the species and to a lesser extent the widespread deforestation within its range. The size of its population before the rapid trade rise is poorly understood, but that >5,000 were imported to Singapore annually throughout the 1980s (Cahill et al. 2006) is strongly indicative of a population formerly substantially greater than the contemporary estimation of 1,200-2,000 birds, especially when considering large numbers were probably lost in transit before making it to Singapore (A. Reuleaux in litt. 2021). However, internal and international trade is thought to continue (e.g. Andersson et al. 2021). The species has become extinct on a number of islands in Nusa Tengarra, and other populations have been decimated. For example, nominate sulphurea persists on Sulawesi with a much-diminished population of c.50 birds in South-east Sulawesi province, having formerly been widespread across the island. Similarly, subspecies abbotti persists with just 17-22 birds left.
Over the last three generations (since 1978), the population is suspected to have decline by 80-90%. Declines were also documented even where trade was not so obvious, such as on Komodo where a rapid decline was reported up to 2005 (Imansyah et al. 2016). The population on Komodo (comprising c.1,100 individuals, c.35% of the global population) is now believed to be stable thanks to protections in Komodo National Park (Reuleaux et al. 2020), such that future declines of the global population are estimated to be slower. However, the current and future rate of forest cover loss in the current occupied and probably occupied range (based on the estimated mean annual rate over the most recent five years, per Global Forest Watch 2021) is projected to be 16.1% over three generations. Consequently, even if trapping is successfully halted in the remnant populations, it is inferred that the population will continue to decline due to the species’s dependence on large trees for nesting. The species is therefore projected to decline over 30-49% over the next three generations. However, any declines in the Komodo population would likely see this rate increase once again, and from a much smaller starting population.
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China (mainland) | extant | introduced | yes | |||
Hong Kong (China) | extant | introduced | yes | |||
Indonesia | extant | native | yes | |||
Singapore | extant | introduced | yes | |||
Timor-Leste | extant | native | yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Indonesia | Bogani Nani Wartabone |
Indonesia | Buat - Soe |
Indonesia | Buton Utara |
Indonesia | Camplong |
Indonesia | Danau Tempe |
Indonesia | Gunung Lewotobi |
Indonesia | Gunung Muna |
Indonesia | Gunung Rinjani |
Indonesia | Gunung Tambora |
Indonesia | Gunung Timau |
Indonesia | Komodo - Rinca |
Indonesia | Lambusango |
Indonesia | Lore Lindu |
Indonesia | Mbeliling - Tanjung Kerita Mese |
Indonesia | Morowali |
Indonesia | Nangarawa |
Indonesia | Nusa Penida |
Indonesia | Pasoso |
Indonesia | Pegunungan Tokalekaju |
Indonesia | Popayato - Paguat |
Indonesia | Pulau Kalatoa |
Indonesia | Pulau Moyo |
Indonesia | Pulau Tana Jampea |
Indonesia | Rawa Aopa Watumohai |
Indonesia | Semau |
Indonesia | Tatar Sepang |
Indonesia | Todo Repok |
Indonesia | Tuti Adagae |
Indonesia | Wakatobi |
Indonesia | Wolo Tado |
Timor-Leste | Fatumasin |
Timor-Leste | Irabere - Iliomar |
Timor-Leste | Lore |
Timor-Leste | Monte Diatuto |
Timor-Leste | Monte Mak Fahik - Sarim |
Timor-Leste | Mount Paitchau and Lake Iralalaro |
Timor-Leste | Sungai Klere |
Timor-Leste | Tilomar |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Plantations | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | major | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level | suitable | resident |
Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | major | resident |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | resident |
Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Moist | suitable | resident |
Altitude | 0 - 1000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Agriculture & aquaculture | Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Very Rapid Declines | High Impact: 8 | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Unknown | Negligible declines | Unknown | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Varanus komodoensis | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
Purpose | Scale |
---|---|
Food - human | subsistence, national |
Pets/display animals, horticulture | international |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/yellow-crested-cockatoo-cacatua-sulphurea on 25/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 25/12/2024.