Taxonomic note
Onychoprion anaethetus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus Sterna.
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2019 | Least Concern | |
2018 | Least Concern | |
2016 | Least Concern | |
2012 | Least Concern | |
2009 | Least Concern | |
2008 | Least Concern | |
2004 | Least Concern | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 207,000,000 km2 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 222,000,000 km2 | medium |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | 400000-1000000 mature individuals | poor | estimated | 2006 |
Population trend | unknown | - | - | - |
Generation length | 11.3 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number 610,000-1,500,000 individuals (Delany and Scott 2006). This roughly equates to 400,000-1,000,000 mature individuals. National population estimates include 100-10,000 breeding pairs and 50-1,000 individuals on migration in China; 10,000-1 million breeding pairs and > 1,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan (China) and < 100 breeding pairs and < 50 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).
Trend justification: The overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are increasing or have unknown trends (Delany and Scott 2006).
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anguilla (to UK) | extant | native | yes | |||
Antigua and Barbuda | extant | native | ||||
Aruba (to Netherlands) | extant | native | ||||
Australia | extant | native | yes | |||
Bahamas | extant | native | ||||
Bahrain | extant | native | yes | |||
Barbados | extant | native | ||||
Belize | extant | native | ||||
Benin | extant | uncertain | ||||
Bermuda (to UK) | extant | native | yes | |||
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | extant | native | ||||
Brunei | extant | native | ||||
Cambodia | extant | native | ||||
Canada | extant | native | ||||
Cayman Islands (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
Chile | extant | vagrant | ||||
China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
Christmas Island (to Australia) | extant | uncertain | ||||
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia) | extant | vagrant | ||||
Colombia | extant | native | ||||
Comoros | extant | native | ||||
Costa Rica | extant | native | yes | |||
Cuba | extant | native | ||||
Curaçao (to Netherlands) | extant | native | ||||
Denmark | extant | vagrant | ||||
Djibouti | extant | native | ||||
Dominica | extant | native | ||||
Dominican Republic | extant | native | ||||
Ecuador | extant | native | yes | |||
Egypt | extant | native | ||||
El Salvador | extant | native | ||||
Equatorial Guinea | extant | native | ||||
Eritrea | extant | native | ||||
Fiji | extant | native | yes | |||
French Southern Territories | extant | uncertain | ||||
Gambia | extant | uncertain | ||||
Ghana | extant | vagrant | ||||
Greece | extant | vagrant | ||||
Grenada | extant | native | ||||
Guadeloupe (to France) | extant | native | yes | |||
Guatemala | extant | uncertain | ||||
Guinea | extant | uncertain | ||||
Guinea-Bissau | extant | native | ||||
Guyana | extant | native | ||||
Haiti | extant | native | ||||
Honduras | extant | native | ||||
India | extant | native | ||||
Indonesia | extant | native | ||||
Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | |||
Iraq | extant | native | yes | |||
Israel | extant | native | ||||
Jamaica | extant | native | yes | |||
Japan | extant | native | ||||
Jordan | extant | native | yes | |||
Kenya | extant | native | ||||
Kuwait | extant | native | yes | |||
Liberia | extant | vagrant | ||||
Madagascar | extant | native | ||||
Malaysia | extant | native | ||||
Maldives | extant | native | yes | |||
Martinique (to France) | extant | native | ||||
Mauritania | extant | native | ||||
Mauritius | extant | native | yes | |||
Mayotte (to France) | extant | uncertain | ||||
Mexico | extant | native | ||||
Montserrat (to UK) | extant | native | ||||
Mozambique | extant | native | ||||
Myanmar | extant | uncertain | ||||
New Caledonia (to France) | extant | native | ||||
New Zealand | extant | vagrant | ||||
Nicaragua | extant | native | ||||
Nigeria | extant | native | ||||
Oman | extant | native | yes | |||
Pakistan | extant | native | ||||
Palau | extant | native | yes | |||
Panama | extant | native | ||||
Papua New Guinea | extant | native | ||||
Philippines | extant | native | ||||
Puerto Rico (to USA) | extant | native | ||||
Qatar | extant | native | yes | |||
Réunion (to France) | extant | uncertain | ||||
São Tomé e Príncipe | extant | native | ||||
Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | |||
Senegal | extant | native | ||||
Seychelles | extant | native | ||||
Sierra Leone | extant | uncertain | ||||
Singapore | extant | native | ||||
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | extant | native | yes | |||
Solomon Islands | extant | native | ||||
Somalia | extant | native | yes | |||
South Africa | extant | native | ||||
Sri Lanka | extant | native | ||||
St Barthelemy (to France) | extant | native | ||||
St Kitts and Nevis | extant | native | ||||
St Lucia | extant | native | ||||
St Martin (to France) | extant | native | yes | |||
St Vincent and the Grenadines | extant | native | ||||
Sudan | extant | native | yes | |||
Taiwan, China | extant | native | yes | |||
Tanzania | extant | native | ||||
Thailand | extant | native | ||||
Timor-Leste | extant | native | yes | |||
Togo | extant | native | ||||
Trinidad and Tobago | extant | native | ||||
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | extant | native | yes | |||
United Arab Emirates | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | ||||
USA | extant | native | yes | |||
Vanuatu | extant | vagrant | ||||
Venezuela | extant | native | ||||
Vietnam | extant | native | ||||
Virgin Islands (to UK) | extant | native | yes | |||
Virgin Islands (to USA) | extant | native | yes | |||
Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France) | extant | native | yes | |||
Western Sahara | extant | native | yes | |||
Yemen | extant | native | yes | yes |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | suitable | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | major | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | major | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Tidepools | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | suitable | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Epipelagic (0-200m) | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | suitable | breeding |
Marine Oceanic | Mesopelagic (200-1000m) | suitable | non-breeding |
Altitude | 0 - 50 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Scale |
---|---|
Pets/display animals, horticulture | international |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bridled-tern-onychoprion-anaethetus on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.