Taxonomic note
L. michahellis and L. armenicus (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as L. michahellis following a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. Prior to that, L. armenicus had been split and L. cachinnans (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) had been lumped with L. michahellis as L. cachinnans following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | - |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2018 | Least Concern | |
2016 | Least Concern | |
2014 | Least Concern | |
2013 | Least Concern | |
2012 | Least Concern | |
2010 | Least Concern | |
2008 | Not Recognised | |
2004 | Not Recognised | |
2000 | Not Recognised | |
1994 | Not Recognised | |
1988 | Not Recognised |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 5,820,000 km2 | |
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 20,400,000 km2 | |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | unknown | - | - | - |
Population trend | increasing | - | estimated | - |
Generation length | 12.4 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: Global population size is unknown owing to recent taxonomic splits. The European population is estimated at 54,100-87,500 pairs, which equates to 108,000-175,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend justification: The population is estimated to be increasing (BirdLife International 2015).
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | extant | native | yes | |||
Albania | extant | native | yes | |||
Armenia | extant | native | yes | |||
Azerbaijan | extant | native | yes | |||
Bahrain | extant | vagrant | yes | yes | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | extant | native | yes | |||
Bulgaria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
Djibouti | extant | native | yes | |||
Egypt | extant | native | yes | |||
Eritrea | extant | native | yes | |||
Ethiopia | extant | native | yes | |||
Georgia | extant | native | yes | |||
India | extant | native | yes | |||
Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Iraq | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Israel | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Jordan | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Kazakhstan | extant | native | yes | |||
Kuwait | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Lebanon | extant | native | yes | |||
Maldives | extant | vagrant | ||||
Nepal | extant | vagrant | ||||
Oman | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Pakistan | extant | native | yes | |||
Palestine | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Qatar | extant | native | yes | |||
Romania | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Russia | extant | native | yes | |||
Russia (European) | extant | native | yes | |||
Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | |||
Somalia | extant | native | yes | |||
Sri Lanka | extant | vagrant | ||||
Syria | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Türkiye | extant | native | yes | |||
Ukraine | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
United Arab Emirates | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Uzbekistan | extant | native | yes | |||
Yemen | extant | native | yes |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites | suitable | breeding |
Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Pastureland | suitable | breeding |
Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | major | breeding |
Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | major | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Pelagic | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | suitable | breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | suitable | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/caspian-gull-larus-cachinnans on 04/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 04/12/2024.