• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Near Threatened	C1
2016	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2012	Near Threatened	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2008	Near Threatened	A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d
2005	Near Threatened
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	58,100 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	34,500 km2
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	2500-9999 mature individuals	poor	suspected	2022
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	2016-2035
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	5-15%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	5-15%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	5-15%	-	-	-
Generation length	6.53 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: Historical records indicate that this species was once fairly common, at least locally on Wetar and in West Timor, even near settlements. A paucity of records, despite extensive searching, suggested that a marked decline then occurred in West Timor (e.g. Noske and Saleh 1996). However, recent survey work in Timor-Leste revealed it to be frequent in a wide range of habitats, and surveys of Wetar in 2008 showed it to be "widespread and fairly common" at all tropical forest sites (Trainor et al. 2004, 2009). A recent visit to the Oecusse enclave in Timor-Leste however found lower records in this region (C. Trainor in litt. 2020). The population on Rote is additionally suggested to be very small, estimated at c. 100-200 individuals (C. Trainor in litt. 2020). Taking this into account therefore, it is suspected that the population may still number less than 10,000 mature individuals, placed here in the band of 2,500-9,999.

Trend justification: Tree cover loss within the species' range equates to 6-7% over three generations (Global Forest Watch 2022, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein). However, habitat loss may not be a severe threat as the species is highly mobile and presumably able to access necessary fruit resources over a large area (C. Trainor in litt. 2005). Recent survey work in Timor-Leste has also revealed it to be frequent in a wide range of habitats, and surveys of Wetar in 2008 showed it to be "widespread and fairly common" at all tropical forest sites (Trainor et al. 2004, 2009). Extensive forest also remains on Wetar (Baptista et al. 2020, Global Forest Watch 2022). The species is however intensely hunted on much of Timor (C. Trainor in litt. 2005, Baptista et al. 2020), likely adding an extra 5% loss, and driving declines beyond the rate of forest loss alone. The overall population is therefore suspected of declining at a maximum rate of 11-12%, and as such, declines are placed here in the band of of 5-15% over three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes
Timor-Leste	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Indonesia	Bipolo
Indonesia	Camplong
Indonesia	Gunung Arnau
Indonesia	Gunung Mutis
Indonesia	Gunung Timau
Indonesia	Oenasi
Timor-Leste	Atauro Island
Timor-Leste	Irabere - Iliomar
Timor-Leste	Jaco Island
Timor-Leste	Lore
Timor-Leste	Maubara
Timor-Leste	Monte Diatuto
Timor-Leste	Monte Mak Fahik - Sarim
Timor-Leste	Monte Tatamailau
Timor-Leste	Mount Paitchau and Lake Iralalaro
Timor-Leste	Subaun
Timor-Leste	Sungai Klere
Timor-Leste	Tasitolu
Timor-Leste	Tilomar

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Trend Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Black Cuckoo-Dove Turacoena modesta. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-cuckoo-dove-turacoena-modesta on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.