• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A4abcde

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	A4abcde
2017	Vulnerable	A4abcde
2016	Vulnerable	A4abcde
2015	Vulnerable	A4abcde
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	20,800,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	37,900,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	12000000-14000000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2011
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	2000-2065
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	21.6 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The European population is estimated to be 4,770,000-5,780,000 pairs, which equates to 9,550,000-11,600,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). The global population size is estimated at 12–14 million mature individuals (Harris and Wanless 2011; Berglund and Hentati-Sundberg 2014).

Trend justification: The population size in Europe is estimated and projected to decrease by 50-79% during 2000-2065 (three generations) (BirdLife International 2015). Europe holds >90% of the global population, so the projected declines in Europe are globally significant. The overall trend of the West Atlantic population is unknown (Berglund and Hentati-Sundberg 2014), and it is very tentatively suspected that overall declines may fall in the range 30-49% over three generations. Populations are suspected to be declining rapidly through the combined impact of predation by invasive species, pollution, food shortages caused by the depletion of fisheries and adult mortality in fishing nets.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Algeria	extant	native
Austria	extant	vagrant
Belgium	extant	native			yes
Bermuda (to UK)	extant	vagrant
Canada	extant	native	yes
Croatia	extant	vagrant
Denmark	extant	native			yes	yes
Estonia	extant	uncertain
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Finland	extant	vagrant
France	extant	native	yes			yes
Germany	extant	native			yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	native			yes	yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Hungary	extant	vagrant
Iceland	extant	native	yes
Ireland	extant	native	yes
Italy	extant	native			yes
Latvia	extant	uncertain
Lithuania	extant	uncertain
Malta	extant	vagrant
Monaco	extant	uncertain
Montenegro	extant	vagrant
Morocco	extant	native
Netherlands	extant	native			yes
Norway	extant	native		yes
Poland	extant	vagrant
Portugal	extant	native			yes
Russia	extant	native		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	vagrant
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes
Serbia	extant	vagrant
Spain	extant	native			yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	native		yes		yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	native		yes
Sweden	extant	native			yes
Tunisia	extant	native
United Kingdom	extant	native		yes
USA	extant	native		yes
Western Sahara	extant	uncertain

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Canada	Baccalieu Island
Canada	Gannet Islands
Canada	Witless Bay Islands
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Fugloy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Hestur
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Kalsoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Koltur
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Lítla Dímun
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Mykines and Mykineshólmur
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Nólsoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Sandoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Skúvoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Stóra Dímun
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Streymoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Suduroy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Svínoy
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Vágar
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	Vidoy
Gibraltar (to UK)	Strait of Gibraltar
Greenland (to Denmark)	Assissut (Braendvinsskaerene) near Kronprinsens Ejland
Greenland (to Denmark)	Islands and waters south and west of Upernavik town
Greenland (to Denmark)	Islands west and north-west of Simiuttat and south of Qilangarsuit
Greenland (to Denmark)	Nunatsiaq (Rotten)
Greenland (to Denmark)	Qilangaarsuit and adjacent islands
Iceland	Akurey Faxafloa
Iceland	Alftanes-Akrar
Iceland	Andridsey
Iceland	Bangastadahofn
Iceland	Bjarnarey Heradsfloa
Iceland	Borgarey
Iceland	Drangey
Iceland	Flatey, Skjálfanda
Iceland	Grimsey i Steingrimsfirdi
Iceland	Grimsey ut af Eyjafirdi
Iceland	Latrabjarg
Iceland	Lundey a Skjalfanda
Iceland	Lundey i Skagafirdi
Iceland	Lundey Kollafirdi
Iceland	Malmey, Skagafjordur
Iceland	Manareyjar
Iceland	Papey
Iceland	Skrudur
Iceland	Vestmannaeyjar
Iceland	Vigur
Ireland	Illaunmaistir (Oilean Maistir)
Norway	Anda
Norway	Gjesværstappan
Norway	Hjelmsøy
Norway	Loppa
Norway	Lovunden
Norway	Nord-Fugløy
Norway	Nykvåg
Norway	Røst
Norway	Runde
Norway	Sør-Fugløy
Norway	Varangerfjord (including Hornøya and Reinøya)
Norway	Værøy
Russia (European)	Ainov islands
Russia (European)	Gavrilovski archipelago
Russia (European)	Seven islands
United Kingdom	Coquet Island
United Kingdom	Fair Isle
United Kingdom	Farne Islands
United Kingdom	Firth of Forth Islands
United Kingdom	Flannan Isles
United Kingdom	Foula
United Kingdom	Hermaness, Saxa Vord and Valla Field
United Kingdom	Shiant Isles
United Kingdom	St Kilda
United Kingdom	Sule Skerry and Sule Stack

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Subarctic	major	breeding
Grassland	Temperate	major	breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	suitable	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Rapid Declines		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Species disturbance, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Temperature extremes	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Energy production & mining	Renewable energy	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Neovison vison	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Pollution	Garbage & solid waste	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/atlantic-puffin-fratercula-arctica on 04/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 04/12/2024.