• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Justification of Red List category
Although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km² combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

Population justification
The global population is estimated to number approximately 1,300,000 individuals (Scott et al. 1986), roughly equivalent to 870,000 mature individuals and placed here in the range 700,000-1,100,000.

Trend justification
Trends were increasing across all strata (open-forest, closed-forest and pasture) in the Hakalau Forest Unit on Hawai‘i island in 1999-2019 but decreasing in 2010-2019 (Kendall et al. 2022). At the Kona Forest Unit, trends were increasing in both upper and lower strata and overall between 1999-2019 (Kendall et al. 2022). On Kauai, the species has declined overall between 2000-2018, although has remained relatively stable in the most recent ten-year period 2008-2018 (Paxton et al. 2020). Trends are difficult to determine because of highly variable seasonal densities (Fancy and Ralph 2020), however overall the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.

Himatione sanguinea is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, Maui), U.S.A. (del Hoyo et al. 2010). The subspecies freethii was endemic to Laysan, but became extinct in 1923 (E. VanderWerf in litt. 2011).

Prevalence of avian malaria is very high in this species, however its persistence in mid elevation forests suggests some level of immunity (Navine et al. 2022) and it continues to be highly abundant (Kendall et al. 2022).

Text account compilers
Vine, J.

Contributors
VanderWerf, E.

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Apapane Himatione sanguinea. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/apapane-himatione-sanguinea on 28/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 28/11/2024.