• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Himatione sanguinea and H. fraithii (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as H. sanguinea following AOU (1998 and supplements); Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Not Recognised
2008	Not Recognised
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	53,500 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	700000-1100000 mature individuals	medium	estimated	1986
Population trend	stable	-	suspected	-
Generation length	3.21 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number approximately 1,300,000 individuals (Scott et al. 1986), roughly equivalent to 870,000 mature individuals and placed here in the range 700,000-1,100,000.

Trend justification: Trends were increasing across all strata (open-forest, closed-forest and pasture) in the Hakalau Forest Unit on Hawai‘i island in 1999-2019 but decreasing in 2010-2019 (Kendall et al. 2022). At the Kona Forest Unit, trends were increasing in both upper and lower strata and overall between 1999-2019 (Kendall et al. 2022). On Kauai, the species has declined overall between 2000-2018, although has remained relatively stable in the most recent ten-year period 2008-2018 (Paxton et al. 2020). Trends are difficult to determine because of highly variable seasonal densities (Fancy and Ralph 2020), however overall the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
USA	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
USA	Haleakala
USA	Hamakua Forests
USA	Kau Forest
USA	Kauai Forests and Uplands
USA	Kona Forests
USA	Mauna Kea Mamane - Naio Forest
USA	Mauna Loa-Kilauea Forests
USA	Molokai Forests
USA	Oahu Uplands

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 3000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic species/disease of unknown origin - Plasmodium relictum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Apapane Himatione sanguinea. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/apapane-himatione-sanguinea on 28/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 28/11/2024.