157
Bornean mountains - Endemic Bird Area

Country/Territory Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Area 130,000 km2
Landform continental island
Altitude lowland & montane (500–3700 m)
Key habitat forest
Forest types tropical moist lowland; tropical moist montane
Habitat loss limited (0–10%)
Level of ornithological knowledge incomplete
Priority urgent
General characteristics

The EBA includes the mountain ranges in the interior of Borneo, the largest of the Greater Sunda Islands. These mountains extend into the territories of three different countries: the Indonesian provinces of Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur and Kalimantan Selatan; the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak; and the nation of Brunei. The highest mountains present are those in Sabah in the north of the island, and these include Mt Kinabalu which rises to 4,094 m. High ranges with peaks of over 2,000 m extend southwards from here into southern Sarawak and northern and central Kalimantan.

The natural vegetation virtually throughout Borneo is tropical rain forest, and the restricted-range birds are mainly found in montane forest above c.1,000 m, although several occur below this altitude in hill dipterocarp forest on the lower mountain slopes (Wells 1985; see Whitmore 1984). The lower altitudinal limit of the EBA has been defined as the 500-m contour.

Restricted-range species

The Bornean mountains are rich in restricted-range species, and their distinctive avifauna includes four endemic genera, Haematortyx, Chlamydochaera, Oculocincta and Chlorocharis. A further 13 species are endemic to Borneo (Andrew 1992; see Collar and Long 1996), but all of these occur too widely in the lowlands to be treated as restricted-range species, other than Microhierax latifrons and Malacocincla perspicillata whose ranges define Secondary Areas s098 and s099 respectively.

Many of the mountains on Borneo are ornithologically unexplored or poorly known, particularly those in Kalimantan, so knowledge of the habitat requirements and distributions of the restricted-range birds within the EBA is inevitably incomplete (see Smythies 1981, Mann 1987, Davison 1992). Most of these species are found in both lower and upper montane forest, and some also range down into hill dipterocarp forest below 1,000 m. Batrachostomus harterti, Calyptomena hosii, Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii and Oculocincta squamifrons were categorized as lowland-forest-slope specialists by Wells (1985), although most of them occur in lower montane forest as well as hill dipterocarp forest.

Several species appear to have particularly restricted ranges on Borneo, but in most cases this is probably a reflection of the uneven ornithological coverage of the island. Spilornis kinabaluensis, Otus brookii (in this EBA), Zoothera everetti, Garrulax calvus, Bradypterus accentor and Oriolus hosii are only recorded from East Malaysia (and Spilornis kinabaluensis in Brunei) in the northern and western parts of the EBA. However, some of these species probably occur also in Kalimantan, where recent survey work has resulted in the first Indonesian records of Harpactes whiteheadi, Megalaima pulcherrima, Rhinomyias gularis and Arachnothera juliae, and the first record of Zosterops atricapillus in Kalimantan (Robson 1993b, S. van Balen per Rudyanto in litt. 1996). Four species are not recorded from Sabah: Otus brookii, which is only known (in this EBA) from Mt Dulit in Sarawak, Batrachostomus harterti, Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii, which is only known (in this EBA) by one specimen from Kalimantan and recent sightings in Brunei (and could be an extremely rare morph of another species, or be of hybrid origin: Williams in prep.), and Oriolus hosii, which is only recorded from Sarawak. None of the restricted-range birds has been recorded in the mountains of Kalimantan Selatan in the south-east of the EBA, but some of them are likely to occur in the montane forests there.

Restricted-range species IUCN Red List category
Bornean Partridge (Arborophila hyperythra) LC
Crimson-headed Partridge (Haematortyx sanguiniceps) LC
Dulit Frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti) LC
Sumatran Frogmouth (Batrachostomus poliolophus) LC
Rajah Scops-owl (Otus brookii) LC
Kinabalu Serpent-eagle (Spilornis kinabaluensis) NT
Whitehead's Trogon (Harpactes whiteheadi) LC
Bornean Barbet (Psilopogon eximius) LC
Golden-naped Barbet (Psilopogon pulcherrimus) LC
Mountain Barbet (Psilopogon monticola) LC
Hose's Broadbill (Calyptomena hosii) LC
Whitehead's Broadbill (Calyptomena whiteheadi) LC
Black Oriole (Oriolus hosii) NT
Bornean Whistler (Pachycephala hypoxantha) LC
Friendly Grasshopper-warbler (Locustella accentor) LC
Blue-wattled Bulbul (Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii) DD
Bornean Stubtail (Urosphena whiteheadi) LC
Chestnut-crested Yuhina (Staphida everetti) LC
Pygmy White-eye (Heleia squamifrons) LC
Black-capped White-eye (Zosterops atricapilla) LC
Mountain Black-eye (Zosterops emiliae) LC
Bare-headed Babbler (Melanocichla calva) LC
Mountain Wren-babbler (Gypsophila crassa) LC
Sunda Laughingthrush (Garrulax palliatus) NT
Everett's Thrush (Zoothera everetti) NT
Fruithunter (Chlamydochaera jefferyi) LC
Eyebrowed Jungle-flycatcher (Vauriella gularis) LC
Black-sided Flowerpecker (Dicaeum monticolum) LC
Whitehead's Spiderhunter (Arachnothera juliae) LC
Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)
Country Admin region IBA Name Code
Brunei Temburong Ulu Temburong BN006
Indonesia Kalimantan Barat Betung Kerihun ID044
Indonesia Kalimantan Barat Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya ID045
Indonesia Kalimantan Barat Danau Sentarum ID043
Indonesia Kalimantan Barat Gunung Niut-Poteng ID042
Indonesia Kalimantan Barat Gunung Palung ID047
Indonesia Kalimantan Selatan Meratus Hulu ID053
Indonesia Kalimantan Tengah Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya ID045
Indonesia Kalimantan Tengah Ulu Barito ID051
Indonesia Kalimantan Timur Kayan Mentarang ID061
Indonesia Kalimantan Timur Long Bangun ID063
Indonesia Kalimantan Timur Ulu Telen ID062
Malaysia Sabah Crocker Range MY020
Malaysia Sabah Danum Valley Conservation Area MY024
Malaysia Sabah Maliau Basin Conservation Area MY025
Malaysia Sabah Mount Kinabalu MY021
Malaysia Sabah Tawau Hills Park MY026
Malaysia Sabah Trus Madi Range MY022
Malaysia Sarawak Baleh headwaters MY045
Malaysia Sarawak Bungo Range MY039
Malaysia Sarawak Danum-Linau MY046
Malaysia Sarawak Dulit Range MY048
Malaysia Sarawak Gunung Penrissen MY040
Malaysia Sarawak Gunung Pueh MY035
Malaysia Sarawak Hose-Laga mountains MY044
Malaysia Sarawak Kelabit Highlands MY054
Malaysia Sarawak Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary MY043
Malaysia Sarawak Mulu - Buda Protected Area MY053
Malaysia Sarawak Tanjung Datu-Samunsam Protected Area MY034
Malaysia Sarawak Usun Apau plateau MY047
Threat and conservation

None of the restricted-range birds of this EBA is classified as threatened, although four are treated as Data Deficient, three of these because they are only known from a small number of records from relatively low altitudes, and the fourth, Spilornis kinabaluensis, because it probably has a small population and may be sensitive to minor degradation of its habitat. Thirteen more-widespread threatened species occur in the forests of Borneo, but these are mainly birds of the lowlands, and only in hill dipterocarp forest do they overlap in distribution with the restricted-range species which characterize the EBA-although Bulwer's Pheasant Lophura bulweri (classified as Vulnerable) also occurs in lower montane forest. The concentration of threatened species in the lowlands is a reflection of the fact that most forest loss and degradation on Borneo has taken place there, whereas the montane forests remain relatively untouched as yet (Collins et al. 1991).

Protected areas have been gazetted in all parts of this EBA, with several reserves in each of Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. Many of these contain large areas of montane and hill dipterocarp forest, and together they include well over 10% of the EBA. Crocker Range National Park and Kinabalu Park in Sabah are notable because they include the full range of habitat types found in the EBA, and therefore support populations of almost all of the restricted-range species. Several of the reserves in Kalimantan include very large areas of montane habitats within their boundaries, notably Sungai Kayan-Sungai Mentarang Nature Reserve, Gunung Penrissen-Gunung Nyiut Game Reserve, Gunung Bentuang Nature Reserve and Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park.

Reference

Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series 7. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.


Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Endemic Bird Area factsheet: Bornean mountains. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/157 on 14/12/2024.