Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | D | D1 |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2020 | Endangered | D |
2016 | Endangered | D |
2012 | Endangered | D |
2008 | Endangered | D1 |
2006 | Endangered | |
2004 | Endangered | |
2000 | Endangered | |
1996 | Endangered | |
1994 | Endangered | |
1988 | Threatened |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
Land-mass type |
continent |
Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 306,000 km2 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 139,000 km2 | medium |
Number of locations | 2 | - |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | 50-249 mature individuals | medium | estimated | 2007 |
Population trend | increasing | good | estimated | 1972-2008 |
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 80-100% | - | - | - |
Generation length | 15.66 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The total population in the wild numbers c.483 individuals. However, the only self-sustaining population breeding in Northwest Territories/Alberta, Canada and wintering in Texas, USA numbers 329 individuals, fewer than 250 of which are mature. Hence we retain a precautionary estimate of 50-249 mature individuals. Despite this however, the latest evidence from the Crane Conservation Strategy (Smith 2019) suggests that both the self-sustaining Aransas-Wood Buffalo population and additional reintroduced populations have increased notably in recent years and that the current population estimate may now be a considerable underestimate.
Trend justification: The natural flock has increased at 4.2% per year over the past 20 years, excluding the drop in 2009, slightly below the growth rate of 4.6% since 1938 (T. Stehn and J. Cannon in litt. 2007, Pearse et al. 2019). This equates to a rapid increase over the last three generations.
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Mexico | extinct | native | yes | |||
USA | extant | native | yes | yes | yes |
Country/Territory | IBA Name |
---|---|
Canada | Buffer Lake |
Canada | Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area |
Canada | Luck Lake |
Canada | Midnight Lake |
Canada | Quill Lakes |
Canada | Radisson Lake |
Canada | Whooping Crane Nesting Area and Summer Range |
USA | Blackjack Peninsula of Aransas National Wildlife Refuge |
USA | Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve and Wildlife Area |
USA | Hiwassee Wildlife Refuge |
USA | Jasper-Pulaski Fish and Wildlife Area and surrounding areas |
USA | Quivira National Wildlife Refuge |
USA | Rowe Sanctuary |
USA | Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | major | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | major | breeding |
Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | No decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Human intrusions & disturbance | Work & other activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
|
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Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | No decline | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Future | Minority (<50%) | Causing/Could cause fluctuations | Low Impact: 3 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
Purpose | Scale |
---|---|
Food - human | subsistence, national |
Pets/display animals, horticulture | international |
Sport hunting/specimen collecting | subsistence, national |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Whooping Crane Grus americana. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/whooping-crane-grus-americana on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.