• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	7,770,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	4,870,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	50000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2015
Population trend	increasing	-	estimated	-
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	750%	-	-	-
Generation length	11.7 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	3	-	-	-

Population justification: In 2015, the population was estimated to number 76,000 individuals (Groves 2017; Rees et al. 2019). This roughly equates to 50,000 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species used to be widespread across North America, before populations plummeted drastically by the early 20th century, mainly as a consequence of hunting (Rees et al. 2019). These declines are however historical and the species has since increased due to conservation action, including hunting bans, and habitat protection and restoration (Groves 2017; Rees et al. 2019; Mitchell and Eichholz 2020). The average annual growth rate since 1968 is 6.6% (Groves 2017), which roughly equates to an increase of >750% over three generations (35.1 years).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Canada	extant	native	yes	yes	yes
Mexico	extinct	native			yes
USA	extant	native	yes	yes	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Canada	Boundary Bay - Roberts Bank - Sturgeon Bank (Fraser River Estuary)
Canada	Chehalis River Estuary
Canada	Comox Valley
Canada	Fraser Lake
Canada	M'Clintock Bay to Lewes River Marsh
Canada	Somenos Marsh Wildlife Refuge
Canada	Stuart, Tachie and Middle Rivers
Canada	Tagish Narrows
USA	Copper River Delta
USA	Great Rivers Confluence-35
USA	Hebgen Lake
USA	Kahiltna Flats-Petersville Road
USA	Skagit Bay
USA	Swanson Lakes
USA	Upper Tanana River Valley

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	major	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands	major	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	suitable	non-breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Scale
Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/trumpeter-swan-cygnus-buccinator on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.