• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	C2a(ii)	C2a(i,ii); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2016	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2012	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2008	Endangered	C2a(ii)
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	35,100 km2	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	660-2000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2007
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	2010-2023
Generation length	4.5 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species occurs very patchily and is absent from areas of apparently suitable habitat. Its global population is precautionarily estimated to lie within the band 1,000-3,000 individuals based on a compilation of previous counts and expert opinion of likely numbers in all occupied sites (C. Trainor in litt. 2012), roughly equivalent to 660-2,000 mature individuals. The largest numbers occur in eastern Timor-Leste, where the total in Nino Konis Santana National Park is estimated to be in the low hundreds, although encounter rates were slightly lower during visits in 2019 (10 records of 1-25 birds) than in 2003-2004 (C. Trainor and J. P. Lopez in litt. 2020). Fewer than 50 are now estimated to be present on Roti (Verbelen et al. 2017), and the actual number may be only a handful given the lack of recent records (C. Trainor and J. P. Lopez in litt. 2020). On Atuaro the species is present (Trainor and Soares 2004) and there is an undocumented record on eBird from 2013 (eBird 2021), but it appears to be very scarce if there is an extant population.

Trend justification: Clearance of lowland forest has greatly reduced the extent of suitable habitat for the species, but intense hunting pressure is the main factor in the rapid and continuing decline in this species's population. The stronghold of the population is now in northeastern Timor-Leste, where encounter rates and total numbers in 2018-2019 were similar or slightly lower than found in 2003 (C. Trainor & J. P. Lopez in litt. 2020). Elsewhere in the range the species has almost disappeared. There have been no documented or confirmed records from West Timor since 1999, and the Bipolo forest is now only a tiny remnant. The species is believed to have been lost from both this site and Camplong, where it was present at the beginning of the 21st century (C. Trainor & J. P. Lopez  in litt. 2020). On Roti Island, records have been few despite numerous observers searching the forested northern part of the island (Verbelen & Cooleman 2015). The most recent record appears to be that from 2013 (Verbelen & Cooleman 2015), with no records from ten days in northern Roti in 2018-19 (C. Trainor in litt. 2020). It appears that hunting has virtually eliminated the species from this island.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes
Timor-Leste	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Indonesia	Bipolo
Indonesia	Camplong
Indonesia	Gunung Timau
Indonesia	Semau
Timor-Leste	Atauro Island
Timor-Leste	Lore
Timor-Leste	Monte Diatuto
Timor-Leste	Monte Mak Fahik - Sarim
Timor-Leste	Mount Paitchau and Lake Iralalaro
Timor-Leste	Sungai Klere

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 1080 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Timor Green-pigeon Treron psittaceus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/timor-green-pigeon-treron-psittaceus on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.