• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	C1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Vulnerable	C1
2016	Vulnerable	A2c+3c+4c
2012	Vulnerable	A2c+3c+4c
2008	Vulnerable	A2c; A3c; A4c
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	altitudinal migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type	continent shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	247,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	318,000 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	30,000 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	3600-14000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2021
Population trend	decreasing	poor	estimated	2012-2030
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	6.1 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	4	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population size has not been directly quantified. However, population densities are known for 24 species in the family of Cotingidae, all ranging from 0.25 to 1 individual per km² (Santini et al. 2018). Assuming that this species occurs at the same density throughout its known breeding range, the population is preliminarily estimated at roughly 5,400-21,000 individuals, which equates to 3,600-14,000 mature individuals. In Costa Rica and Panama, the species is described as 'fairly common' (Ridgely and Gwynne 1989; Angehr and Dean 2010; Garrigues and Dean 2014).
Three-wattled Bellbird is thought to form four subpopulations (Brant et al. 2020). Under the preliminary assumption that these are of roughly equal size, each subpopulation may number 1,350-3,500 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species is undergoing a large, significant decline (Partners in Flight 2019). The rate of decline is thought to exceed 50% between 1970 and 2017 (Partners in Flight 2019, see also Panjabi et al. 2019). This equates to a decline of at least 20% over the last three generations (18.3 years) and is thus here placed in the band 20-29% over three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Costa Rica	extant	native		yes	yes
Honduras	extant	native		yes	yes
Nicaragua	extant	native		yes	yes
Panama	extant	native	yes	yes	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Costa Rica	Arenal-Monteverde
Costa Rica	Central Volcanic Cordillera
Costa Rica	Fila Costeña
Costa Rica	La Amistad Caribe
Costa Rica	Los Santos, La Amistad Pacífico
Costa Rica	Sierpe Wetlands and Osa Peninsula
Costa Rica	Tárcoles, Carara and La Cangreja
Honduras	Rio Platano
Honduras	Sierra de Agalta
Nicaragua	Arenal Hill
Nicaragua	Datanlí-El Diablo Hill
Nicaragua	El Jaguar
Nicaragua	Kilambe Hill
Nicaragua	Miraflor
Nicaragua	Musun Hill
Nicaragua	Peñas Blancas Massif
Panama	Bocas del Toro Archipelago
Panama	Cerro Hoya National Park
Panama	Coiba National Park
Panama	Fortuna Forest Reserve
Panama	General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park
Panama	Golfo de los Mosquitos Forests
Panama	La Amistad International Park
Panama	Palo Seco Protection Forest
Panama	San San Pond Sak Wetlands
Panama	Santa Clara
Panama	Santa Fé National Park
Panama	Volcán Barú National Park

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	1200 - 3000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(min) 750 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Wood & pulp plantations - Agro-industry plantations	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Three-wattled Bellbird Procnias tricarunculatus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/three-wattled-bellbird-procnias-tricarunculatus on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.