• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Endangered	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd
2020	Endangered	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd
2016	Endangered	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd
2015	Endangered	A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd
2013	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2011	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	12,600,000 km2
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	47,500,000 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	50000-75000 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2015
Population trend	decreasing	-	inferred	1997-2043
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	50-79%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	50-79%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	50-79%	-	-	-
Generation length	14.02 years	-	-	-

Population justification: Combined totals from across the whole range estimate the number of pairs at 31,372 (26,014-36,731), which equates to 62,744 (52,028-73,462) mature individuals or 94,116 (78,042-110,193) individuals (I. Karyakin in litt. 2015). The global population is hence below 37,000 pairs (Karyakin et al. 2016).

Trend justification: The population is declining owing to habitat destruction (especially conversion of steppe into agricultural land), persecution, and collisions with power lines. Locally populations are declining owing to heavy predation of chicks (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). In Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 80% or more in 42.06 years (three generations [Bird et al. 2020]) (BirdLife International in prep.) however the European population represents only a small proportion of the global population. Combined totals from across the species's range suggest a decline of 58.6% between 1997-2011 and 2013-2015 (I. Karyakin in litt. 2015), however counts of birds passing through the migration bottleneck of Eilat, Israel have not recorded a significant decline in a comparison of data from 1977-1988 and 2015-2018, although the mean number of birds counted had reduced (19,540 to 15,192) (Weiss et al. 2019). Overall, the rate of population reduction is suspected to be very rapid, exceeding 50% over the past and current three-generation periods, and in the absence of evidence that the threats impacting the species have been adequately addressed this reduction is suspected to continue at this rate over the next three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Afghanistan	extant	native			yes	yes
Albania	extant	vagrant
Angola	extant	native			yes
Armenia	extant	native				yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native				yes
Bahrain	extant	native				yes
Bangladesh	extant	native			yes	yes
Belarus	extant	vagrant
Bhutan	extant	native			yes
Botswana	extant	native			yes
Bulgaria	extant	native				yes
Burundi	extant	native			yes
Cameroon	extant	vagrant
Chad	extant	vagrant
China (mainland)	extant	native		yes		yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	extant	native			yes
Croatia	extant	vagrant
Czechia	extant	vagrant
Denmark	extant	vagrant
Djibouti	extant	native			yes
Egypt	extant	native			yes	yes
Eritrea	extant	native			yes
Estonia	extant	vagrant
Eswatini	extant	native			yes
Ethiopia	extant	native			yes
Finland	extant	vagrant
France	extant	vagrant
Georgia	extant	native				yes
Germany	extant	vagrant
Greece	extant	native				yes
Hungary	extant	vagrant			yes
India	extant	native			yes	yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native			yes	yes
Iraq	extant	native			yes	yes
Israel	extant	native				yes
Italy	extant	vagrant
Jordan	extant	native				yes
Kazakhstan	extant	native		yes		yes
Kenya	extant	native			yes
Kuwait	extant	native			yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native		yes		yes
Lebanon	extant	native				yes
Malawi	extant	native			yes
Malaysia	extant	native			yes
Mali	extant	vagrant
Moldova	extinct	native
Mongolia	extant	native		yes
Myanmar	extant	native			yes	yes
Namibia	extant	native			yes
Nepal	extant	native			yes
Netherlands	extant	vagrant
Niger	extant	vagrant
Nigeria	extant	vagrant
North Korea	extant	vagrant
Norway	extant	vagrant
Oman	extant	native				yes
Pakistan	extant	native			yes	yes
Palestine	extant	native				yes
Poland	extant	vagrant
Qatar	extant	native				yes
Romania	extinct	native				yes
Russia	extant	native		yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes
Rwanda	extant	native			yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native			yes	yes
Singapore	extant	native			yes
Slovakia	extant	vagrant
Somalia	extant	native			yes
South Africa	extant	native			yes
South Sudan	extant	native			yes
Spain	extant	vagrant
Sudan	extant	native			yes	yes
Sweden	extant	vagrant
Syria	extant	native				yes
Tajikistan	extant	native				yes
Tanzania	extant	native			yes
Thailand	extant	native			yes
Tunisia	extant	vagrant
Türkiye	extant	native				yes
Turkmenistan	extant	native		yes		yes
Uganda	extant	native			yes
Ukraine	extinct	native
United Arab Emirates	extant	native				yes
Uzbekistan	extant	native				yes
Vietnam	extant	vagrant
Yemen	extant	native			yes	yes
Zambia	extant	native			yes
Zimbabwe	extant	native			yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Ethiopia	Mille-Sardo Wildlife Reserve North
Kazakhstan	Ayak-Bestau Hills
Kazakhstan	Chingiztau Mountains
Kazakhstan	Donyz-Tau cliff faces
Kazakhstan	Eastern Kazakhstan uplands
Kazakhstan	Ereymentau Mountains
Kazakhstan	Irgiz-Turgay Lakes
Kazakhstan	Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve
Kazakhstan	Lower reaches of the Ashchyozek River
Kazakhstan	Lower reaches of the Sarysu River
Kazakhstan	Manyrak Mountains
Kazakhstan	Middle reaches of the Sarysu River
Kazakhstan	Mugodzhary
Kazakhstan	Naurzum State Nature Reserve
Kazakhstan	Ortau upland massif
Kazakhstan	Sagyz
Kazakhstan	Sarykopa Lake System
Kazakhstan	Ulytau Mountains
Kazakhstan	Urda Sands
Kazakhstan	Western and northern foothills of the Kalba Range
Kazakhstan	Western edge of the Karakoyin and Zhetikonyr Sands
Kazakhstan	Zhagabulak Forest
Kazakhstan	Zhagalbayly and Tuyemoynak Hills
Kenya	Kirisia Forest
Mongolia	Darkhad Depression
Mongolia	Khasagt Khairkhan Mountain
Russia (Asian)	Agar-Dag
Russia (Asian)	Aginskiye lakes
Russia (Asian)	Bain-Tsaganskiye lakes
Russia (Asian)	Middle Onon
Russia (Central Asian)	Plateau Ukok
Russia (European)	Kalausskiye floods
Russia (European)	Lysyi Liman lake and valley of Vostochniy Manych river
Russia (European)	Sources of Akshibai river
Russia (European)	Tazhinski liman
Saudi Arabia	Tabarjal
Saudi Arabia	Turaif-Qurayyat
Türkiye	Hodulbaba Mountain
Türkiye	Tuz Lake
Yemen	Bab al-Mandab - Mawza
Yemen	High mountains of Ibb
Yemen	Jabal Bura
Yemen	Jabal Sumarah
Yemen	Mafraq al-Mukha

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Desert	Hot	suitable	non-breeding
Desert	Temperate	suitable	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	non-breeding
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	non-breeding
Grassland	Temperate	major	breeding
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		suitable	breeding
Savanna	Dry	major	non-breeding
Altitude	0 - 3000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 7900 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Other
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining	Renewable energy	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance	Work & other activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Pollution	Garbage & solid waste	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Transportation & service corridors	Utility & service lines	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/steppe-eagle-aquila-nipalensis on 25/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 25/11/2024.