Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | A3bce |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Vulnerable | A3bce |
| 2016 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2013 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2012 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2008 | Vulnerable | C2a(ii) |
| 2007 | Vulnerable | |
| 2004 | Vulnerable | |
| 2000 | Vulnerable | |
| 1996 | Vulnerable | |
| 1994 | Vulnerable | |
| 1988 | Threatened |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type |
continent |
Average mass | 7,757 g |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 2,940,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 3,770,000 km2 | medium |
| Number of locations | 11-100 | - |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 3600-4670 mature individuals | medium | estimated | 2014 |
| Population trend | decreasing | poor | inferred | - |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 15-25% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 20-30% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 15.49 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: M. McGrady et al. (in litt. 2012) estimated the global population to number c.4,600-5,100 individuals, including c.1,830-1,900 breeding pairs, assumed to be equivalent to c.3,600-3,800 mature individuals. However, Masterov and Romanov (2014) estimate the global population to be 6,000-7,000, which roughly equates to 4,000-4,670 mature individuals. It is placed in the band 4,600-7,000 individuals, and 3,600-4,670 mature individuals.
Trend justification: The species is suspected to be in moderate decline, owing to displacement following habitat conversion in its breeding grounds, mortality caused by lead poisoning in inland Japan, reduced breeding rate in the Magadan District caused by climate change, and reduced breeding success predominantly due to predation of nestlings by brown bears on Sakhalin Island.
Surveys of territorial pairs along the coastline and rivers of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk during 1991-1998 found a significant decline (from 70% to 35%) in the percentage of pairs taking part in breeding and in the number of chicks fledged per territorial pair (Potapov et al. 2000). More recent surveys in the same area have also found a decline in the number of chicks fledged per successful pair over the last 10 years (Potapov et al. 2018). The declining breeding rate of eagles nesting along rivers is associated with increasing frequency and intensity of spring floods, which impede successful hunting and therefore reduce breeding output (Potapov et al. 2018). Reduced breeding rate in coastal pairs is associated with reduced ice cover in spring (Potapov et al. 2018).
Simulation modelling of the population of H. pelagicus wintering in Hokkaido, northern Japan, predicted a population decline from 1,500 individuals to a mean of 934.6 individuals over 100 years (Ueta & Masterov 2000), equating to a decline of 20% over three generations, caused predominantly by adult mortality due to lead poisoning.
Surveys on Sakhalin Island have revealed a decrease in breeding productivity in recent decades from 0.8-1.4 fledglings per occupied territory per year in the 1980s and 1990s (Masterov et al. 2000; Masterov 1995, cited in Romanov & Masterov 2020) to 0.54 fledglings per occupied territory per year in recent years (Masterov et al. 2018, cited in Romanov & Masterov 2020), with a similar trend in the Amur region, Russia (Romanov & Masterov 2020). The species remains abundant in both areas, however the proportion of immature to adult individuals has decreased (Masterov et al. 2018, cited in Romanov & Masterov 2020). Romanov & Masterov (2020) carried out modelling showing that if current fecundity does not change, the populations on Sakharov and in the Amur region will decline by 0.6% and 0.95% per year respectively, equating to a declines of 24% and 36% over three generations (although actual rates may be lower than this due to recruitment of "floater" individuals into the breeding population as the population declines).
The decline of this species is complex - a long generation time combined with declining reproductive output may cause a time-lag in overall population decline (Romanov & Masterov 2020). As there is evidence of a decline in breeding productivity in several parts of the range, and significant threats to both adult survival and breeding productivity are ongoing, with some predicted to worsen in the future (e.g. extreme weather conditions brought about by climate change), it is precautionarily suspected to have declined at a rate of 15-25% in the past, and to decline at a rate of 20-30% in the future.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Japan | extant | native | yes | |||
| North Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | yes | yes | |
| South Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Taiwan, China | extant | vagrant | ||||
| USA | extant | vagrant | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Temperate | suitable | resident |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | resident |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Rocky Shoreline | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | resident |
| Marine Intertidal | Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches | suitable | resident |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | major | resident |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | suitable | resident | |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | resident |
| Altitude | 0 - 100 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Temperature extremes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Oil & gas drilling | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
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| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Problematic native species/diseases - Ursus arctos | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Purpose | Scale |
|---|---|
| Pets/display animals, horticulture | subsistence, national, international |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Steller's Sea-eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/stellers-sea-eagle-haliaeetus-pelagicus on 26/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 26/12/2024.