• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Least Concern
2016	Near Threatened	A2c+3c+4c
2012	Near Threatened	A2c+3c+4c
2008	Near Threatened	A2c; A3c; A4c
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type	shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	215,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	2016-2026
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-15,5%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-15,5%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-15,5%	-	-	-
Generation length	3.5 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified, although it is described as 'fairly common', including in degraded habitats (Eaton et al. 2021); citizen science data (eBird 2022) suggest that is regularly observed (sometimes in large numbers) in suitable habitat.

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be declining slowly due to habitat loss at the lower elevations of its range, and potentially trapping. In the ten years to 2022, forest cover loss in its range was 4-6% (Global Forest Watch 2022, based on Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein), and this is thought to have had minimal impact on the population given its tolerance of degraded habitats (Eaton et al. 2021). Trapping for the songbird trade has also been identified as a threat to this species. However, the species has only very rarely appeared on physical market survey inventories (e.g. Chng et al. 2018), and using a web-scraping tool to mine data from online marketplace platforms, Okarda et al. (2022) found no advertisements for it among c.105,000 listings. Consequently, although trapping may cause local losses at the most accessible locations, it is unlikely to be causing a rapid reduction in global population size. These interpretations are consistent with those of Symes et al. (2018), who considered the combined impact of forest loss and trapping to be 4.6% over ten years. Evaluating all the data available, the population is suspected of declining at a past and future rate of 1-15% over three generations, with a best estimate of c.5%.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Indonesia	Gunung Leuser
Indonesia	Hutan Raya Bukit Barisan
Indonesia	Kerinci Seblat
Indonesia	Malampah Alahan Panjang

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	500 - 1400 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	300 - 1900 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Spot-necked Bulbul Pycnonotus tympanistrigus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/spot-necked-bulbul-pycnonotus-tympanistrigus on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.