• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Spinus siemiradzkii (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously placed in the genus Carduelis following SACC (2005 & updates); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993); Stotz et al. (1996).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Least Concern
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2012	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2008	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	low
Land-mass type	continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	78,300 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	2500-9999 mature individuals	poor	suspected	2019
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	2016-2025
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Generation length	3.01 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The population has not been quantified directly, but it is suspected to number 2,500-9,999 mature individuals (see Freile et al. 2019). The subpopulation structure is not known.

Trend justification: The population trend has not been quantified directly. Habitat within the range is lost and degraded, but the species is able to tolerate heavily disturbed habitats (Clement 2020). Over the past ten years, 2% of tree cover within the range has been lost (Global Forest Watch 2020). Tentatively, a slow population decline is suspected based on habitat degradation, the rate of which does not exceed 10% over ten years (see Freile et al. 2019).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Ecuador	extant	native	yes
Peru	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Ecuador	Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco
Ecuador	Bosque Protector Chongón-Colonche
Ecuador	Bosque Protector Puyango
Ecuador	Cañón del río Catamayo
Ecuador	Engunga
Ecuador	La Tagua
Ecuador	Parque Nacional Machalilla y alrededores
Ecuador	Reserva Ecológica Comunal Loma Alta
Ecuador	Reserva Natural Tumbesia-La Ceiba-Zapotillo
Peru	Coto de Caza El Angolo
Peru	Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Urban Areas	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 800 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(max) 1300 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Pollution	Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Unknown		Causing/Could cause fluctuations		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects

---

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Saffron Siskin Spinus siemiradzkii. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/saffron-siskin-spinus-siemiradzkii on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.