• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2acd+3cde

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Vulnerable	A2acd+3cde
2016	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2012	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2008	Vulnerable	A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type	continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	161,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	24,600 km2	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	15600 mature individuals	good	estimated	2021
Population trend	stable	poor	estimated	-
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	32%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	36%	-	-	-
Generation length	10.4 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population is estimated at 22,300 individuals, of which 15,600 are thought to be mature individuals (Vannucchi et al. 2022).

Trend justification: Once common, the species declined drastically during the 20th century. Population declines are attributed to the loss and degradation of Araucaria forests through logging and cattle grazing and to poaching for the bird trade. In 1971, the Aracuri roost was estimated at c.30,000 individuals, but declined to 7,500-8,500 individuals in the early 1990s, c.10,000 in 1994, c.12,600 in 1996 and c.16,300 in 1997 (Snyder et al. 2000). Rapid declines however appear historical and the species is showing signs of recovery, as monitoring suggests that the population may have been locally stable or even increasing over recent years, with a currently estimate of 22,300 individuals (ICMBio 2018, Fernandes et al. 2019, N. Prestes and J. Ramirez in litt. 2022, Vannucchi et al. 2022).
Between 1982 and 2018, the overall population decline is estimated at 36% (ICMBio 2018); this equates to a decline of 32% over the last three generations (31.2 years). Despite signs of recovery in recent years however, the population is projected to decline in the future as a consequence of habitat loss together with a decrease in nesting site and food availability, illegal trade, and the potential risk of emergent diseases (Vannucchi et al. 2022). The best estimate scenario projects a small population increase over the next years to c. 2025, followed by a rapid decline at a rate equivalent to 36% over the next three generations (Vannucchi et al. 2022).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Argentina	possibly extant	vagrant
Brazil	extant	native		yes	yes
Paraguay	possibly extant	vagrant

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Brazil	Campos de Cima da Serra
Brazil	Campos do Planalto das Araucárias
Brazil	Médio Rio Camaquã
Brazil	Painel / Urupema
Brazil	Parque Nacional de São Joaquim

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	major	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	breeding
Savanna	Dry	major	non-breeding
Savanna	Dry	major	breeding
Altitude	70 - 1500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Gathering terrestrial plants - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Red-spectacled Amazon Amazona pretrei. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-spectacled-amazon-amazona-pretrei on 21/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 21/12/2024.