• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
B1ab(iii)	B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)	B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D1+2

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii)
2016	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii)
2015	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii)
2013	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii)
2012	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii)
2009	Critically Endangered	B1a+b(iii)
2008	Critically Endangered
2004	Critically Endangered
2000	Critically Endangered
1996	Critically Endangered
1994	Critically Endangered
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	40 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	52 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	52 km2
Number of locations	1	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	414-580 mature individuals	good	estimated	2013
Population trend	stable	medium	suspected	-
Generation length	3.47 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species has apparently always been rare, though the reasons for this are unclear and the range and population trends are difficult to judge because it is extremely elusive and occurs in highly inaccessible sheltered ravines. Based on data collected in 2011-2013, the population was estimated at 494 breeding individuals (95% CI 414-580) by linking occupancy surveys to habitat characteristics, territory density, and landscape attributes (Crampton et al. 2017), and there is no more recent estimate (L. Crampton in litt. 2023).

Trend justification: The population, whilst small, appears to be stable (Crampton et al. 2017). Since the 1960s the species' range has contracted, with the species no longer found at lower elevations (Scott et al. 1986). Few birds were detected after two hurricanes in the 1990s, but the population size is thought to have recovered to pre-hurricane numbers (Pratt 1994, Conant et al. 1998, Snetsinger et al. 1999). The most recent population estimate is 494 breeding individuals (95% CI 414-580) using data from 2011-2013, and previous estimates of 300-500 (using data from 1995–1998) and 270-525 birds (using data from 2003–2005) were extrapolated from surveys on a smaller proportion of streams within the range (Snetsinger et al. 1999, Woodworth et al. 2009, Crampton et al. 2017, USFWS 2018). Based on these data the population is assumed to have been stable since the mid-1990s (Crampton et al. 2017, USFWS 2018), though trends are difficult to determine given the lack of consistent methodologies (Fantle-Lepczyk et al. 2018). There is no more recent population estimate (L. Crampton in litt. 2023), with standard forest surveys being an unreliable sampling method for this species given its occurrence in highly inaccessible steep, narrow stream valleys (Crampton et al. 2017, Paxton et al. 2020). 
Population models have indicated a declining population under baseline conditions, though this contradicts assumptions that the population remains stable and may be due to inaccuracies in parameter estimation (Fantle-Lepczyk et al. 2018). Further study to refine mortality and reproductive estimates and to establish whether the population is stable or declining is urgently required, however even presumed to be stable the population remains highly restricted and susceptible to ongoing threats and stochastic events (Fantle-Lepczyk et al. 2018). Reintroduction of captive-bred individuals failed to lead to a significant population increase (Switzer et al. 2013); until declines in habitat quality are halted and predation by introduced mammals is addressed, the species will likely not recover. 

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
USA	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
USA	Kauai Forests and Uplands

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	1050 - 1300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Storms & flooding	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Copsychus malabaricus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Erigeron annuus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Garrulax canorus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Hedychium gardnerianum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Horornis diphone	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Psidium cattleianum	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Pycnonotus cafer	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rubus argutus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sophonia rufofascia	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sphaeropteris cooperi	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Sus domesticus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Zosterops japonicus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Competition
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Asio flammeus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Puaiohi Myadestes palmeri. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/puaiohi-myadestes-palmeri on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.