Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| B1ab(iii,v) | A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C1+2a(ii) | A2bce+3bce+4bce; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C1+2a(i,ii); D1+2 |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Critically Endangered | B1ab(iii,v) |
| 2016 | Critically Endangered | A4bce |
| 2015 | Critically Endangered | A4bce |
| 2012 | Critically Endangered | A4bce |
| 2011 | Critically Endangered | A4b,c,e |
| 2010 | Critically Endangered | A4b,c,e |
| 2009 | Critically Endangered | A4b,c,e |
| 2008 | Endangered | |
| 2004 | Endangered | |
| 2000 | Endangered | |
| 1996 | Endangered | |
| 1994 | Endangered | |
| 1988 | Threatened |
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | high |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 80 km2 | good |
| Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) | 80 km2 | |
| Number of locations | 1 | - |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | 800-1200, 970 mature individuals | good | estimated | 2022 |
| Population trend | decreasing | good | estimated | 2015-2027 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 50-60% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 50-60% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 50-60% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 4.17 years | - | - | - |
| Number of subpopulations | 1 | - | - | - |
| Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation | 100% | - | - | - |
Population justification: In 2021 the population was estimated at 452?940 individuals (point estimate of 678), with previous estimates of 1,030?1,899 individuals (point estimate of 1,432) in 2019, and 964?1,700 individuals (point estimate of 1,312) in 2020 (Genz et al. 2022). Although 2021 abundance estimates are approximately 50% of 2020 estimates, this is considered biologically unlikely and previous low estimates from annual surveys in 2000, 2010 and 2015 have been immediately followed by an increase in subsequent years (Genz et al. 2022). The five-year average (2017-2021) population size is 1,128 individuals, and based on an approximate estimate that 86% are mature individuals (C. Farmer in litt. 2016) this equates to 970 mature individuals. The population size is therefore tentatively placed in the range 800-1,200 mature individuals.
Trend justification: During 1998?2005, estimates fluctuated between 4,000 and 6,000 individuals, followed by a steep decline - between 2005 and 2008 the population fell from c.5,500 to c.1,800 individuals (Genz et al. 2022). This steep decline levelled off somewhat after 2010, but trend assessments show that the population has continued to decline, leading to a record low in 2021 (Genz et al. 2022). The mean decline during 1998?2021 was 229 individuals per year, resulting in an 89% decline in the population over the entire 23-year monitoring period (Genz et al. 2022), equivalent to c.70% within three generations. Within the most recent three-generation period (12.5 years; Bird et al. 2020), annual surveys indicate that the population declined by approximately 50-60% (Genz et al. 2022) and this is thought to continue given that the threats are ongoing. Although the size of the overall area containing detections of the species has not shown substantial change since 1998 (Genz et al. 2022), there has reportedly been a decline of detections within sections of this area which has continued in the 2022-2023 annual surveys (C. Farmer in litt. 2023).
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | extant | native | yes |
| Country/Territory | IBA Name |
|---|---|
| USA | Mauna Kea Mamane - Naio Forest |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | major | resident |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | major | resident |
| Altitude | 2000 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Climate change & severe weather | Droughts | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Whole (>90%) | Rapid Declines | High Impact: 8 | ||||||
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| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Climate change & severe weather | Storms & flooding | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Climate change & severe weather | Temperature extremes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Human intrusions & disturbance | Recreational activities | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Armillaria mellea | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Asio flammeus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Bos taurus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Buteo solitarius | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Capra hircus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Cenchrus setaceus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Dactylis glomerata | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Delairea odorata | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Klambothrips myopori | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Linepithema humile | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ovis aries | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ovis gmelini | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Plasmodium relictum | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Ulex europaeus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Vespula germanica | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Vespula pensylvanica | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Viral/prion-induced diseases - Avipoxvirus | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Natural system modifications | Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Past, Likely to Return | Whole (>90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Palila Loxioides bailleui. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/palila-loxioides-bailleui on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.