• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Pycnonotus bimaculatus and P. snouckaerti (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as P. bimaculatus following Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).

 

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Near Threatened	A2d+3d+4d
2016	Near Threatened	A2d+3d+4d
2012	Not Recognised
2008	Not Recognised
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	676,000 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	-	inferred	2016-2025
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	3.3 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	3-10	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as locally common (Fishpool et al. 2020). Weeklong ornithological surveys across 27 sites on nine mountains in West-Central Java between 2018 and 2020 found the species at 20 sites and 9 mountains with a mean encounter rate of 0.41 groups/hour (range = 0.20 to 1.08 where present; C. Devenish, A.R. Junaid and S. Marsden in litt. 2020). In Sumatra however, the species has become far scarcer recently in areas experiencing high trapping pressure, and an expert review of the status of the species on Sumatra concluded that it was 'declining', but not 'Severely Declining'. Previously for example, over 1,000 individuals were observed in Sumatran bird markets during 1997-2001 (Fishpool et al. 2020). Scarcity is now likely similar across Java and Bali, in which during the ‘Big Month’ citizen science event (conducted in January 2020 comprising 22,054 checklists), the species was recorded in just 8 (0.10%) of the 7,935 mainly lowland tetrads (2 × 2 km squares) visited (T. Squires and S. Marsden in litt. 2020).

Trend justification: The population is inferred to be declining at a slow to moderately rapid rate due to trapping for the cage bird trade throughout the range of the species, based on the numbers observed in market surveys (Chng et al. 2015; Harris et al. 2015; S. Chng in litt. 2016).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude	suitable	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	suitable	resident
Altitude	800 - 3000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Orange-spotted Bulbul Pycnonotus bimaculatus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/orange-spotted-bulbul-pycnonotus-bimaculatus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.