Data Zone
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Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261.
Bost, C.A., Cotté, C., Bailleul, F., Cherel, Y., Charrassin, J.B., Guinet, C., Ainley, D.G., Weimerskirch, H. 2009. Importance of Southern Ocean fronts for seabird and marine mammals. Journal of Marine Systems 78: 363- 376.
Bost, C.A., Delord, K., Barbraud, C.; Cotte, C., Peron, C. et al. 2013. The King Penguin: Life History, current status and priority conservation actions. Eds P. dee Boersma & P. G. Borboroglu, University of Washinton Press, Seatlle, U.S.A., pp.360. In: Penguins Book.
Bost, C.A., Zorn, T., Le Maho, Y. & Duhamel, G. 2002. Feeding of diving predators and diel vertical migration of prey: King penguin ‘diet versus trawl sampling at Kerguelen islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227: 51-62.
Charrassin, J. B., Le Maho, Y., & Bost, C. A. 2002. Seasonal changes in the diving parameters of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Marine Biology 141(3): 581-589.
Commonwealth of Australia. 2014. Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan . Department of the Environment, Canberra.
Convey, P.; Morton, A.; Poncet, J. 1999. Survey of marine birds and mammals of the South Sandwich Islands. Polar Record 35(193): 107-124.
Cooper J.; Avenant N.L.; Lafite P.W. 1994. Airdrops and King Penguins: a potential conservation problem at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Record 30 (175): 277-82.
Cooper, J.; Crawford, R. J. M.; De Villiers, M. S.; Dyer, B. M.; Hofmeyr, G. J. G.; Jonker, A. 2009. Disease outbreaks among penguins at sub-Antarctic Marion Island: A conservation concern. Marine Ornithology 37: 193–196.
Crawford, R.J.M.; Whittington, P.A.; Upfold, L.; Ryan, P.G.; Petersen, S.L.; Dyer, B.M.; Cooper, J. 2009. Recent trends in four species of penguin at the Prince Edward Islands. African Journal of Marine Science 31: 419–426.
Cristofari, R., Xiaoming Liu, Francesco Bonadonna, Yves Cherel, Pierre Pistorius, Yvon Le Maho, Virginie Raybaud, Nils Christian Stenseth, Céline Le Bohec & Emiliano Trucchi. 2018. Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem. Nature Climate Change 8: 245–251; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Dyer, B.M.; Crawford, R.J.M. 2015. King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. In: Taylor MR, Wanless RM and Peacock, F. (eds) The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg: 333-335.
Ellis, S., Croxall, J. P. & Cooper, J. 1998. Penguin conservation assessment and management plan: report from the workshop held 8-9 September 1996, Cape Town, South Africa. IUCN/SSC, Apple Valley, USA.
Garnett, S. T.; Szabo, J. K.; Dutson, G. 2011. The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
Gryz, P., Gerlée, A.& Korczak-Abshire, M. 2019. New breeding site and records of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) on King George Island (South Shetlands, Western Antarctic). Polar Record 54: 275-283.
IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 10 December 2020).
Jaksic, F. M. and Yanez, J. L. 1983. Rabbit and fox introductions in Tierra del Fuego: history and assessment of the attempts at biological control of the rabbit infestation. Biological Conservation 26: 367-374.
Jiguet, F. & Jouventin, P. 1999. Individual breeding decisions and long‐term reproductive strategy in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Ibis 141 (3): 428-433.
Juáres, M.A., Ferrer, F., Coria, N.R. & Santos, M. M. 2017. Breeding events of king penguin at the South Shetland Islands: Has it come to stay? Polar Biology 40: 457-461.
Kusch, A.; Marín, M. 2012. On the distribution of the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus (Aves: Spheniscidae) in Chile. Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) 40(1): 157-163.
Meijers, A. J., Meredith, M. P., Murphy, E. J., Chambers, D. P., Belchier, M., & Young, E. F. 2019. The role of ocean dynamics in king penguin range estimation. Nature Climate Change 9 (2): 120-121.
Moore, G.J., Robertson, G., Weineke, B. 1998. Food requirements of breeding King Penguins at Heard Island and potential overlap with commercial fisheries. Polar Biology 20: 293–302.
Olsson, O.; van der Jeugd, H.P. 2002. Survival in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus: temporal variability and sex-specific effects of environmental variability. Oecologia 132: 509–516.
Orgeret, F., Péron, C., Enstipp, M., Delord, K., Weimerskirch, H., Bost, C.A. 2019. 2019. Exploration during early life: dispersal, habitat and orientation preferences in juvenile king penguins. Movement Ecology 7: 29.
Parks and Wildlife Service. Evaluation Report: Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Project, August 2014. . Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania.
Péron, C.; Weimerskirch, H.; Bost, C. A. 2012. Projected poleward shift of king penguins'(Aptenodytes patagonicus) foraging range at the Crozet Islands, southern Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279: 2515-2523.
Ricklefs, R. E. 2010. Life-history connections to rates of aging in terrestrial vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(22): 10314-10319.
Rounsevell, D.; Binns, D. 1991. Mass deaths of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica) at Lusitania Bay, Macquarie Island. Aurora 10(4): 8-10.
Sallée, J. B.; Speer, K. G.; Rintoul, S. R. 2010. Zonally asymmetric response of the Southern Ocean mixed-layer depth to the Southern Annular Mode. Nature Geoscience 3: 273-279.
Schreiber, E. A.; Burger, J. 2002. Biology of marine birds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Trucchi, E., Paolo Gratton, Jason D. Whittington, Robin Cristofari, Yvon Le Maho, Nils Chr Stenseth, Céline Le Bohec. 2014. King penguin demography since the last glaciation inferred from genome-wide data. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281: 20140528; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0528.
Van Heezik, Y.M.; Seddon, P.J.; Cooper, J.; Plös, A.L. 1994. Interrelationships between breeding frequency, timing and outcome in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus: are King Penguins biennial breeders? . Ibis 136: 279–284.
Waller, L.J.; Underhill, L.G. 2007. Management of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida outbreaks on Dyer Island, South Africa, 2002–2005. African Journal of Marine Science 29: 105–111.
Weimerskirch, H., Le Bouard, F., Ryan, P. G., & Bost, C. A. 2018. 2018. Massive decline of the world’s largest king penguin colony at Ile aux Cochons, Crozet. Antarctic Science 30(4): 236-242.
IUCN SSC Penguin Specialist Group
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/king-penguin-aptenodytes-patagonicus on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.