• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Least Concern
2018	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	9,220,000 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	33,300,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	estimated	2009
Population trend	increasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	17.8 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated at 1.1 million annual breeding pairs (range 1,084,320-1,228,320) (Bost et al. 2013, Weimerskirch et al. 2018).

Trend justification:

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Antarctica	extant	vagrant
Argentina	extant	native			yes
Australia	extant	vagrant		yes	yes
Bouvet Island (to Norway)	extant	vagrant
Brazil	extant	vagrant
Chile	extant	native			yes
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	extant	native		yes	yes
French Southern Territories	extant	native		yes	yes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	extant	native		yes	yes
High Seas	extant	native			yes
New Zealand	extant	vagrant
South Africa	extant	native		yes	yes
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	extant	native		yes	yes
St Helena (to UK)	extant	vagrant
Uruguay	extant	vagrant

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Australia	Macquarie Island
French Southern Territories	Baie Larose
French Southern Territories	Île aux Cochons
French Southern Territories	Île de l'Est
French Southern Territories	Île de la Possession
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Courbet
French Southern Territories	Péninsule Rallier du Baty
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (to Australia)	Heard and McDonald Islands
South Africa	Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia - mainland, islands, islets and stacks
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia Inner Marine
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia Outer Marine

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Subantarctic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	suitable	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	suitable	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	major	breeding
Shrubland	Subantarctic	suitable	breeding
Altitude	0 - 100 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Felis catus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Lycalopex griseus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Oryctolagus cuniculus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Other

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Fuels	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/king-penguin-aptenodytes-patagonicus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.