LC
Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - -

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2021 Least Concern
2016 Least Concern
2012 Least Concern
2009 Least Concern
2008 Least Concern
2004 Least Concern
2000 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994 Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988 Near Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency low
Land-mass type Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 37,100,000 km2 medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) 50,500,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 12600-55300 mature individuals poor suspected 2021
Population trend stable - inferred -
Generation length 7.73 years - - -

Population justification: Partners in Flight (2020) estimate the population in Canada and the USA to be c.42,000 mature individuals, and the global population to be c.83,000 mature individuals. However, Franke et al. (2019) estimate the population in Canada and the USA to be just 1,860-3,725 breeding pairs (equating to 3,720-7,450 mature individuals), and the global population to be 6,301-10,278 breeding pairs (equating to 12,602-20,556 mature individuals). The European population is estimated at 1,000-1,800 pairs, which equates to 2,000-3,500 mature individuals (BirdLife International in prep.). Europe forms approximately 13% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 15,400-26,900 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. It is placed in the band 12,600-55,300 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The overall trend is thought to be stable (Franke et al. 2019). In North America, the species has undergone a decline over the last five decades, at a rate equivalent to 18% over the last three generations (Partners in Flight 2020). Note, however, that these surveys cover less than 50% of the species's range in North America. In Europe, the population trend size is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International in prep.). The Russian population trend is also thought to be relatively stable (Russia constitutes approximately 37% of the species's total range) (Potapov 2011).


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Austria extant vagrant
Belgium extant vagrant
Bermuda (to UK) extant vagrant yes
Brazil extant vagrant
Canada extant native yes yes
China (mainland) extant native
Czechia extant vagrant
Denmark extant vagrant
Estonia extant vagrant yes
Finland extant native yes
France extant native
Germany extant vagrant
Greenland (to Denmark) extant native yes
Iceland extant native yes
Ireland extant vagrant
Japan extant native
Kazakhstan extant vagrant
Kyrgyzstan extant vagrant
Latvia extant vagrant
Mexico extant native
Netherlands extant vagrant
Norway extant native yes
Pakistan extant vagrant
Poland extant vagrant
Portugal extant vagrant
Russia extant native yes yes
Russia (Asian) extant native yes
Russia (Central Asian) extant native yes
Russia (European) extant native yes
Spain extant vagrant
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) extant vagrant yes yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) extant vagrant
Sweden extant native yes
Switzerland extant vagrant
Ukraine extant vagrant
United Kingdom extant vagrant
USA extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Finland Käsivarsi fjelds
Finland Northern Kaldoaivi wilderness
Greenland (to Denmark) South coast of Germania Land, and Slaedelandet
Norway Alta-Kautokeino watercourse
Norway Dovrefjell
Norway Hardangervidda
Norway Øvre Anárjohka
Norway Reisa
Norway Varanger Peninsula
Russia (Asian) Chelomdzha valley and Kava-Chelomdzha interfluve
Russia (Asian) Kolyma delta
Russia (Asian) Volochanka river basin
Russia (European) Lapland Biosphere Reserve
Russia (European) Middle reaches of Bolshaya Rogovaya river
Russia (European) Ponoiskaya depression
Russia (European) Seven islands
Russia (European) Torna-Shoina watershed
Russia (European) Yugyd Va
Sweden Frostviken
Sweden Lake Ånn – Storlien
Sweden Lake Tjålme – Valley of Lais
Sweden Påkketan
Sweden Sjaunja
Sweden Tavvavouma
Sweden Vindel Mountains (including Lake Tärna)

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable non-breeding
Forest Boreal suitable breeding
Grassland Temperate suitable non-breeding
Grassland Tundra major breeding
Marine Coastal/Supratidal Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands suitable breeding
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) suitable breeding
Shrubland Temperate suitable non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks suitable breeding
Altitude 0 - 1500 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Declines Low Impact: 5
Stresses
Species mortality
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Species mortality
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather Habitat shifting & alteration Timing Scope Severity Impact
Future Whole (>90%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Energy production & mining Oil & gas drilling Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Species disturbance
Human intrusions & disturbance Recreational activities Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Species disturbance
Pollution Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Transportation & service corridors Roads & railroads Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact: 4
Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects

Utilisation
Purpose Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture international

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/gyrfalcon-falco-rusticolus on 24/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/12/2024.