Data Zone
Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
| Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
|---|---|---|
| - | A2bc+3bc+4bc | A2bc+3bc+4bc |
| Year | Category | Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Endangered | A2bc+3bc+4bc |
| 2015 | Endangered | A2bc+3bc+4bc |
| 2012 | Vulnerable | A4bcd |
| 2010 | Vulnerable | A4b,c,d |
| 2009 | Least Concern | |
| 2008 | Least Concern | |
| 2004 | Least Concern | |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | does not normally occur in forest |
| Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 1,920,000 km2 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 41,400,000 km2 | medium |
| Severely fragmented? | no | - |
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population size | unknown | medium | estimated | 2009 |
| Population trend | decreasing | medium | estimated | 2000-2022 |
| Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 70-79% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 70-79% | - | - | - |
| Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 70-79% | - | - | - |
| Generation length | 7.4 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The global population was estimated to number c. 380,000 individuals in 2006 (Wetlands International 2006). However following the reclamation of the tidal flats at Saemanguem (South Korea), c. 90,000 non-breeding individuals disappeared from the area. Surveys elsewhere in South Korea confirmed they had not been displaced, and a decline of the same magnitude and timing in Australia suggests that individuals previously using Saemanguem have died (D. Rogers in litt. 2009). Therefore a new global population was estimated at 292,000-295,000 individuals in 2007 (Wetlands International 2015).
Trend justification: An analysis of monitoring data from Australia and New Zealand suggests the population is declining at a much more rapid rate than was previously thought, with an estimated 77.8% decline over three generations (22 years) (Studds et al. in prep.). Almost the entire global population (98%) is restricted to the East Asian-Australasian Flyway so trends in the Australasian population during the non-breeding season are thought to be representative of the overall global population.
New data looking at adult survival supports these estimated rapid declines (Piersma et al. submitted). The study found that whilst survival in north-west Australia in winter remained constantly high, the survival rate during time away from Australia, declined from 2011. During 2011-2012 the annual survival rate for the species was 0.63 and annual breeding output was 0.15. Given such low survival rates the study estimates the species will halve in number within four years. If these rates are representative of the whole population then the declines stated here could be even more severe. Reclamation of Saemangeum (South Korea) alone has caused a decline of c. 90,000 individuals, equating to a population decline of approximately 25% since 2000 (N. Moores in litt. 2009, D. Rogers in litt. 2009). Furthermore there have been documented declines in some of the peripheral sites for the species in Australia and Japan (Amano 2006, R. Clemens in litt. 2010). Given that many more reclamation projects are proposed within the Yellow Sea region, it is reasonable to assume that declines will continue in the future.
| Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Bahrain | extant | vagrant | yes | |||
| Bangladesh | extant | native | yes | |||
| Brunei | extant | native | yes | |||
| China (mainland) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Denmark | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Djibouti | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Germany | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Guam (to USA) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Hong Kong (China) | extant | native | yes | |||
| India | extant | native | yes | |||
| Indonesia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | extant | native | yes | |||
| Ireland | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Israel | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Japan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Kuwait | extant | native | yes | |||
| Malaysia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Mauritius | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | extant | native | yes | |||
| Morocco | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Myanmar | extant | native | yes | |||
| Netherlands | extant | vagrant | ||||
| New Caledonia (to France) | extant | vagrant | ||||
| New Zealand | extant | vagrant | ||||
| North Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Norway | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Oman | extant | native | yes | |||
| Pakistan | extant | native | yes | |||
| Palau | extant | native | yes | |||
| Papua New Guinea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Philippines | extant | native | yes | |||
| Qatar | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Russia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Russia (Asian) | extant | native | yes | |||
| Saudi Arabia | extant | native | yes | |||
| Seychelles | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Singapore | extant | native | yes | |||
| South Korea | extant | native | yes | |||
| Spain | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Sri Lanka | extant | native | yes | |||
| Taiwan, China | extant | native | yes | |||
| Thailand | extant | native | ||||
| Timor-Leste | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
| United Kingdom | extant | vagrant | ||||
| USA | extant | vagrant | ||||
| Vietnam | extant | native | yes | |||
| Yemen | extant | vagrant | yes |
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grassland | Subarctic | suitable | breeding |
| Grassland | Tundra | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal | Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Mud Flats and Salt Flats | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc | suitable | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 300 - 1600 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Agriculture & aquaculture | Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Industrial aquaculture | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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| Energy production & mining | Renewable energy | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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| Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Unspecified species | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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| Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Commercial & industrial areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Very Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 7 | ||||||
|
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| Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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| Residential & commercial development | Tourism & recreation areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-knot-calidris-tenuirostris on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.