• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Formerly placed in genus Lobiophasis, but recent genetic work found no evidence that Lophura as currently constituted is polyphyletic (Randi et al. 2001). The same work identified five clades within Lophura, one of which is formed by the present species alone (Randi et al. 2001). Monotypic.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2cd+3cd+4cd	A2cd+3cd+4cd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd
2016	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2013	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2012	Vulnerable	A2cd+3cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2008	Vulnerable	A2c,d; A3c,d; A4c,d; C2a(i)
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type	shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	610,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	medium	suspected	2010-2036
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	15-60,30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	15-60,30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	15-60,30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	8.5 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	5-50	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: Suspected of numbering 1,000-10,000 individuals by McGowan and Garson (1995), although this apparently based on little more than conjecture and it is unclear whether the population does in fact number below 10,000 mature individuals given the potentially vast area of forest (totalling more than 260,000 km²) within its range. Consequently, the population is here regarded as unknown.

Trend justification: Suspected of undergoing continuing declines of 30-49% every three three generations (25.5 years; Bird et al. 2020) although data are few. As this species principally occurs in hill forests, it is less at risk from habitat loss than lowland Sundaic Phasianids. Remote sensing data (Global Forest Watch 2022, using data from Hansen et al. [2013] and methods disclosed therein) suggest that forest loss in this species' range over the past three generations has been equivalent to 10-15% (depending on the thresholds set). Similarly, Savini et al. (2021) estimated using computational analysis than the area of suitable habitat for this species fell from 178,015 km² to 166,167 km² between 2000 and 2018, equivalent to c. 9-10% over three generations. However, hunting pressure on this species is suspected to be strong. Available habitat is becoming increasingly fragmented (Savini et al. 2021), increasing accessibility of interior forest to hunters. In Indonesia, Savini et al. (2018) estimated the population decline caused by hunting only to be as high as 42% over a previous, lower three-generation period of 15 years. However, their method did not account for reproduction and hunting pressure is suspected of being lower in Malaysian Borneo. While there are no direct data that can be used to estimate a rate of decline, it is suspected that a decline in excess of the threshold of 30% has been occurring over the past three generations and this rate is not likely to diminish in the near future. There is a need for more field data that can be used to estimate the actual rate of decline.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Brunei	extant	native		yes
Indonesia	extant	native		yes
Malaysia	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Indonesia	Betung Kerihun
Indonesia	Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya
Indonesia	Danau Sentarum
Indonesia	Tanjung Puting
Indonesia	Ulu Barito
Malaysia	Crocker Range
Malaysia	Danum Valley Conservation Area
Malaysia	Dulit Range
Malaysia	Kelabit Highlands
Malaysia	Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
Malaysia	Maliau Basin Conservation Area
Malaysia	Mount Kinabalu
Malaysia	Mulu - Buda Protected Area
Malaysia	Tawau Hills Park
Malaysia	Usun Apau plateau

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	150 - 1500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Bulwer's Pheasant Lophura bulweri. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/bulwers-pheasant-lophura-bulweri on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.