• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
A1abcde	A1abcde; D	A1abcde; D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Critically Endangered	A1abcde
2018	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2016	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2015	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2014	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2013	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2012	Critically Endangered	A2bcde
2011	Critically Endangered	A2b,c,d,e; C2a(ii)
2010	Critically Endangered	A2b,c,d,e
2009	Critically Endangered	A2b,c,d,e; C2a(ii)
2008	Critically Endangered
2004	Critically Endangered
2000	Critically Endangered
1996	Endangered
1994	Endangered
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type	continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	50,800 km2	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	208-303 mature individuals	good	estimated	2015
Population trend	stable	poor	inferred	-
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	65-99%	-	-	-
Generation length	8.1 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	3	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: Based on comprehensive surveys carried out during the dry season in 2015 across the entire range, and extrapolating the number of individuals detected over the area of suitable habitat, the global population was estimated to number 312-455 individuals (Herzog et al. 2020). This equates to 208-303 mature individuals. Among these, 156-222 individuals are breeding or attempting to breed (Herzog et al. 2020).

Based on current occurrence records, the species is assumed to form three disjunct subpopulations: The north-western subpopulation occurs west of the Marmoré river between Santa Rosa de Yacuma and Santa Ana de Yacuma; the north-eastern subpopulation occurs east of the Marmoré river and north of Trinidad; the southern subpopulation is found south of Trinidad, around and south of Loreto (Herzog et al. 2020). The sizes of each subpopulation have not been estimated in detail, but they are likely extremely small, numbering below 50 mature individuals each. Excluding repeat observations of the same individuals, count data report up to 25 individuals in the north-western subpopulation, up to 16 individuals in the north-eastern subpopulation and up to 21 individuals in the southern subpopulation (Herzog et al. 2020).

Trend justification: The population has undergone extremely rapid declines in the past, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s (Asociación Armonía in litt. 2016; Asociación Armonía 2017). An estimated 1,200 or more wild-caught birds were exported from Bolivia during the 1980s, suggesting that the population was formerly much higher (Yamashita and Barros 1997). Following successful conservation measures, including a nest-box programme, and near elimination of trade, the trend has been reversed, so that the population is currently stable or even increasing slowly (Herzog et al. 2020). Nevertheless, given the species's longevity, the trend over the past three generations has still been negative: It is suspected that the species declined by 65-99% over the past three generations (24.3 years; Bird et al. 2020).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Bolivia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Bolivia	Este de Río Mamoré
Bolivia	Loreto
Bolivia	Oeste de Río Mamoré

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Savanna	Moist	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 300 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Bubo virginianus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Caracara plancus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Geranospiza caerulescens	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Named species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Competition, Reduced reproductive success
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Problematic native species/diseases - Ramphastos toco	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Negligible declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Viral/prion-induced diseases - Unspecified species	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Trend Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/blue-throated-macaw-ara-glaucogularis on 26/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 26/12/2024.