• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2022	Near Threatened	B1ab(iii,v)
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2013	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2012	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	C2a(ii)
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	167 g

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	10,800 km2	medium
Number of locations	12-39	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	2016-2037
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	1-9%	-	-	-
Generation length	7 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1-4,2	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is generally common on the island of Biak (Beehler and Pratt 2016), despite reports of abundance having declined between 1982 and 1995 (K. D. Bishop in litt. 2000). There are no published estimates of population or density for Black-winged Lory. The plausible range of population can be inferred from the densities of congeners and the area of forest habitat within the range of the species. Other species in the genus Eos have been studied on a number of islands with an average abundance of 47 individuals per km² (from 28 reported density estimates: Santini et al. 2018). The area of forest within the range (Biak and surrounding small islands, Numfor Manim and Num) totals 1,756 km² (extracted from the GlobCover 2 land cover layer [Arino et al. 2012]).  If half of the area were to be occupied at the average density reported for Eos lories, the population would be 41,317 individuals, with the 25-75 percentile range of densities giving a range of 11,743-67,386 individuals. This indicative population size suggests that the species is likely to exceed the threshold for listing as threatened under the small and declining population size criterion.

While individuals and groups move extensively in the search for fruiting and flowering trees, these movements are similar to those undertaken by other members of the genus, and are of small scale hence are not considered to represent genuine nomadic movements. As such, while the species is obviously capable of crossing stretches of sea to reach other islands, it is plausible that there are up to four subpopulations, and two is the most likely number (Numfor and Biak/Supiori with the minor islands).

Trend justification: Previously, rapid reductions in the abundance of the species were noted due to high levels of trapping on Biak (K.D. Bishop in litt. 2000). In the past few years there are once again reports of high trapping rates impacting the Biak population (Bergmark 2019, M. Halaouate in litt. 2022). As such, the number of mature individuals is again inferred to be declining. Trapping does not appear to be a significant problem elsewhere in the range and the species remains much commoner on Numfor than it is now on Biak (M. Halaouate in litt. 2022). The maximum rate of forest cover loss have been 6.3% over the past three generations (data from Global Forest Watch 2021, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein). The species is tolerant of forest degradation and utilises tree crops and secondary forest, hence it is unclear whether this rate of forest cover loss would cause an equivalent rate of population reduction, however it is judged likely that this level of forest cover loss would lead to a reduction in the available habitat for the species, as well as a decline in habitat quality and potentially correlates with greater trapping access to previously safe parts of Biak.
Accordingly, the species is inferred to be suffering a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Based on a) the species having some tolerance for forest loss, hence assuming a population impact that is half the rate of the estimated forest loss rate, and b) the impact of trapping adding at least 5% to the rate of population reduction over three generations, a suspected rate of reduction is tentatively placed within the range of 1-9% over the past three generations, and currently this is the rate that is suspected to continue into the future. However, there is a need for an urgent investigation to quantify the current impact of trapping on all targeted species on these islands, and reports of reduced abundance on islands aside from Biak will lead to the suspicion that rates of reduction may be higher.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 460 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Residential & commercial development	Commercial & industrial areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		No/Negligible Impact: 2
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Black-winged Lory Eos cyanogenia. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-lory-eos-cyanogenia on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.