Current view: Text account
Site description (2001 baseline):
Site location and context
This is a complex of wetlands in the delta of the Yala river, on the north-east shore of Lake Victoria. The site has three main components: the Yala swamp itself (currently c.6,500 ha after drainage of the eastern 20%); Lake Kanyaboli in the north-eastern corner, a 3-m deep lake of c.1,000 ha; and Lake Sare, the most southerly of several outlets of the Yala river into Lake Victoria, c.5 m deep and 500 ha in area. Formerly, the Yala river flowed through the eastern swamp (now ‘reclaimed’) into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and finally into Lake Victoria via a small gulf. The Yala flow is now diverted directly into the main swamp, and a silt-clay dike cuts off Lake Kanyaboli, which receives its water from the surrounding catchment and through back-seepage from the swamp. A culvert across the mouth of the Yala, some metres above the level of Lake Victoria, has cut off the gulf on the lake and, through back-flooding, created Lake Sare. Water in the main channels and lakes is well oxygenated, but oxygen levels in the stagnant parts of the swamp are low. The predominant vegetation is papyrus
Cyperus papyrus, with
Phragmites mauritianus in shallower areas and swamp grasses around the periphery. A thick fringe of papyrus surrounds both Lake Kanyaboli and Lake Sare; in the case of Lake Sare, this merges with the main swamp. The Yala swamp complex is by far the largest papyrus swamp in the Kenyan sector of Lake Victoria, making up more than 90% of the total area of papyrus. The swamp acts as a natural filter for a variety of biocides and other agricultural pollutants from the surrounding catchment, and also effectively removes silt before the water enters Lake Victoria. The site supports an important local fishery for the Luo and Luhya people who live to its south and north, respectively.
See Box and Table 3 for key species. Yala swamp supports sizeable populations of
Chloropeta gracilirostris (common in tall, undisturbed stands of fringing papyrus, especially at Lake Kanyaboli) and
Laniarius mufumbiri. The Near Threatened
Gallinago media, a Palearctic migrant, probably also occurs. Because of its size and the generally good condition of the papyrus, the Yala swamp complex is an important site for East Africa’s papyrus endemics. These include
Chloropeta gracilirostris,
Cisticola carruthersi,
Bradypterus carpalis and
Serinus koliensis. Many other wetland birds also occur. Reports of occasional sightings of
Balaeniceps rex by the local residents have not been confirmed. Regionally threatened species include
Casmerodius albus (present in small numbers) and
Porzana pusilla (recorded from Lake Kanyaboli, but may not be resident).
Non-bird biodiversity: Lake Kanyaboli is an important refuge for Lake Victoria cichlid fish, many of which have been exterminated in the main lake by the introduction of the non-native predatory fish Lates niloticus. These include economically important species such as Oreochromis esculentus (VU), as well as a number of Haplochromis species. Lates niloticus is present in Lake Sare, which has an impoverished fish fauna compared to Kanyaboli.
Pressure/threats to key biodiversity
Drainage of the Yala swamp began as early as 1956, and there are still plans to extend the ‘reclaimed’ area over much of the present swamp. This is despite the fact that the ‘reclaimed’ land has not proved productive (and a substantial part has reverted to swamp thanks to breaches in the barrier dyke along the Yala). This is an intensely controversial issue, pitting the obvious needs of a swelling population for agricultural land against the less conspicuous values of wetlands—for instance, water filtration, flood control, and protection of fish stocks. In the case of Yala, biodiversity conservation must be added high on the list of values. This is a very important site for protecting the increasingly threatened suite of papyrus birds, as well as one of the last remnants of Lake Victoria’s extraordinary cichlid radiation. The area around the swamps is densely populated, and most people make a living from agriculture and fishing. Apart from drainage, major threats include water offtake for irrigation upriver, intensification of fertilizer and biocide inputs, and unsustainable exploitation of papyrus. Large-scale cutting, mainly for the mat-making industry, and extensive burning to open up land for cultivation are taking their toll on the swamp, despite the remarkable regenerative abilities of papyrus. Study of the papyrus-endemic birds shows that several species, including
Chloropeta gracilirostris, are negatively affected by disturbance and fragmentation of the habitat. Many questions remain, however, regarding population sizes, movements, and habitat requirements, and further study is needed. Rehabilitation of the feeder canal to Lake Kanyaboli should be a high priority, as the lack of regular inflows from the river are changing its water chemistry and may interfere with its functions as a fish refuge and nursery. A weir to divert water into Kanyaboli was under construction in 1999, but has not been completed. This also formed the first phase of a controversial project to expand the reclaimed area by extending the existing dyke along the Yala river. Lake Kanyaboli shows considerable potential for ecotourism, which could potentially be developed through a local site-support group as at other sites. The biodiversity value of Yala swamp should be recognized by affording the site some formal protection, such as listing as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. Yala would comfortably qualify for this, as it is both an outstanding example of a specific type of wetland and supports an appreciable assemblage of threatened and endemic species.
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Yala swamp complex (Kenya). Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya on 23/11/2024.
