• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2023	Near Threatened	A3d+4d
2016	Near Threatened	A2c+3c+4c
2012	Near Threatened	A2c+3c+4c
2008	Near Threatened	A2c; A3c; A4c
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1988	Near Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type	shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	190,000 km2	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	-	-	-
Population trend	decreasing	poor	suspected	2016-2029
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	15-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	15-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	4.21 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as generally uncommon throughout its range (del Hoyo et al. 1997, Eaton et al. 2021) and recent records span much of Java and Bali where forest remains (eBird 2023). Nonetheless, it is evidently scarce, being observed in only nine (0.4%) of 2,417 surveyed grid squares (although many only partially) during the BigMonth2020 citizen science project (Squires et al. 2021) and having a relatively low average encounter rate of 0.11 (birds/groups per hour) on mountains across Java (Marsden et al. 2023).

Trend justification: Suspected to be declining, perhaps moderately rapidly, although the evidence base for this precautionary assumption is weak. Historically, the widespread clearance of lowland forest on Java undoubtedly caused wide-ranging declines on the island, with the species now remaining only in well-forested areas (although it is evidently tolerant of degradation and secondary forests (Eaton et al. 2021, eBird 2023). However, forest cover loss on Java this century has been minimal (Hansen et al. 2013, Higginbottom et al. 2019, Global Forest Watch 2023), and the only contemporary threat thought to be driving declines in this species is capture for the cagebird trade.
Symes et al. (2018) assigned probability curves according to expert opinion on trade desirability in conjunction with accessibility (based on a distance to forest edge from remote sensed forest data) to determine possible rates of population loss over the next three generation period across the entire range of the species. The estimated reduction for this species was 49%, but this analysis had no term to account for reproduction and was largely speculative. Evidence for an increase in desirability for this species is however presented by some market data, which show a possible increase in demand from c.2016/2017, broadly in line with an increase in cagebird ownership on Java over the past decade (cf. Jepson and Ladle 2009, Marshall et al. 2020). For example, an inventory of a Jakarta market found none in July 2014 but 68 in July 2019 (Anon. in litt. 2021); while a survey of Bali bird markets found 11 in 2017, but 52 in 2018 (Chng et al. 2018). Other surveys on Java similarly reported previously low numbers: one at Bandung market in September 2016 and only two in East Java in 2015 (Chng and Eaton 2016). Conversely, Okarda et al. (2022) found none for sale among 284,118 birds listed online between April 2020 and September 2021, and Marshall et al. (2020) found only a single bird kept among 3,000 households. While scarcity in markets/households is sometimes caused by a complete collapse in wild birds (i.e. the source), Loriculus pusillus remains commonly encountered across most forested areas it might be expected (eBird 2023), with a compilation of citizen science datasets (Squires et al. 2021, eBird 2023) finding that the species does not appear to have been extirpated from any site since 2016.
Determining a rate of decline for this species is therefore exceedingly difficult, but the rate of –49% over three generations suspected by Symes et al. (2018) appears overly pessimistic. However, the trajectory of apparent increasing demand for the species is concerning, and accordingly the species is suspected to decline at a rate of 15–29% over the next three generations (13 years: 2023–2036) and in the window 2016 to 2029, thus approaching the thresholds for listing as threatened under criteria A3d+4d.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Indonesia	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Swamp	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1800 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Yellow-throated Hanging-parrot Loriculus pusillus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/yellow-throated-hanging-parrot-loriculus-pusillus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.