• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	A2cd+4cd; C2a(i)	A2cd+3cd+4cd; C2a(i)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Endangered	A2cd+4cd; C2a(i)
2016	Endangered	A2cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2013	Endangered	A2cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2012	Endangered	A2cd+4cd;C2a(i)
2008	Endangered	A2c,d; A4c,d; C2a(i)
2006	Endangered
2004	Endangered
2000	Endangered
1996	Critically Endangered
1994	Critically Endangered
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type	shelf island	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	64,500 km2	medium

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	1200 mature individuals	medium	estimated	1999
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	1993-2024
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-60%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	17-30%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-60%	-	-	-
Generation length	10.4 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The population is thought to number at least 1,800 individuals, roughly equivalent to 1,200 mature individuals. This estimate is derived from analyses of records and surveys by BirdLife International (2001). This estimate is now considerably out of date; if predicted rates of decline have precipitated the population may now fall below 1,000 individuals. Visayan hornbill density on Negros island was found to be 0.14 individuals per hectare of lowland forest (L. Pangutalan, in litt 2020).

Trend justification: This species has apparently been extirpated from a number of islands and its decline is suspected to have continued very rapidly. No new information has been provided concerning the population size or rate of decline, but given that a proportion of remaining habitat is protected and the species is presumably now very rare, declines in the future are unlikely to be as rapid as in the recent past.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Philippines	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Philippines	Central Panay mountains
Philippines	Cuernos de Negros
Philippines	Mount Kanla-on Natural Park
Philippines	Mount Silay and Mount Mandalagan (Northern Negros)
Philippines	North-west Panay peninsula (Pandan)
Philippines	Southwestern Negros

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	suitable	resident
Grassland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	marginal	resident
Altitude	500 - 1500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shifting agriculture	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	subsistence, national
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Visayan Hornbill Penelopides panini. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/visayan-hornbill-penelopides-panini on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.