LC
Swinhoe's Rail Coturnicops exquisitus



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- - -

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2024 Least Concern
2016 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2012 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2008 Vulnerable C2a(ii)
2007 Vulnerable
2004 Vulnerable
2000 Vulnerable
1996 Vulnerable
1994 Vulnerable
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status full migrant Forest dependency does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type continent
Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 2,000,000 km2 medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) 3,200,000 km2 medium
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size unknown - - -
Population trend decreasing poor suspected -
Generation length 2.5 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 1 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 100% - - -

Population justification: Previously, this species was thought to be very rare, with some sources (e.g. Brazil 2009) suggesting that the population probably numbered only hundreds of pairs. However, confirmation of the species' vocalisations (see Wulf et al. 2017) has allowed surveys to determine that it is likely much more numerous. Published densities suggest the species is locally common, with values of 3-5 birds/km2 recorded in Russia (Antonov and Parilov 2009) and, in Japan, up to 15 birds have been heard vocalising at a single wetland site only 1 km2 in size (Senzaki et al. 2021). Applying these values to form a population estimate is difficult due to uncertainties with the breeding range and the extent of suitable habitat. Historically, the species was mapped as breeding in two highly disjunct regions in Transbaikalia (Russia) and the Primorye area, especially near Khanka Lake, in the very south-east of Russia, however there are recent records from intervening areas (Heim et al. 2018, eBird 2022) as well as northern Japan (Senzaki et al. 2021) suggesting a much broader distribution than previously supposed. In the absence of data from which to derive an estimate of suitable habitat extent, the population size is therefore considered unknown, although it is suspected that it is not very small.

Trend justification: There are no data available to calculate a rate of population reduction in this species, although it is not thought to be declining especially rapidly. Nonetheless, slow declines are suspected because of ongoing conversion of wetland habitats across its range (BirdLife International 2001, Senzaki et al. 2021).


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
China (mainland) extant native yes yes yes
Japan extant native yes yes yes
Mongolia extant native yes yes
North Korea extant native yes
Russia extant native yes
South Korea extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
China (mainland) Daiyun Shan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Dongting Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Jiugong Shan Nature Reserve
China (mainland) Mao'er Shan Forest Farm
China (mainland) Poyang Hu wetlands
China (mainland) Suichuan
Japan Hotokenuma, Lake Ogawara and nearby lakes
North Korea Lake Kwangpo
Russia (Asian) Khanka plain
Russia (Asian) Torey lakes

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial Arable Land suitable breeding
Wetlands (inland) Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands major non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands major breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) major non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) major breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) major non-breeding
Wetlands (inland) Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) major breeding
Altitude 0 - 400 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Gathering terrestrial plants - Unintentional effects (species is not the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation
Pollution Agricultural & forestry effluents - Herbicides and pesticides Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Unknown Unknown
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Swinhoe's Rail Coturnicops exquisitus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/swinhoes-rail-coturnicops-exquisitus on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.