• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Following Kennedy and Spencer (2014) the genus Phalacrocorax has been divided into six genera, with P. magellanicus, P. bougainvilliorum, P. atriceps, P. verrucosus, P. carunculatus, P. chalconotus, P. onslowi, P. campbelli, P. ranfurlyi and P. colensoi moved into Leucocarbo (HBW and BirdLife International 2018).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2018. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 3. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v3_Nov18.zip.
Kennedy, Martyn & Spencer, Hamish. 2014. Classification of the Cormorants of the World. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 79: 249-257.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	C2a(i)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2018	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2012	Vulnerable	B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v);C2a(i)
2010	Vulnerable	B1a+b(ii,iii,iv); B2a+b(ii,iii,iv); C2a(i)
2008	Vulnerable	B1a+b(ii,iii,iv); B2a+b(ii,iii,iv)
2006	Vulnerable
2005	Vulnerable
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	52,900 km2	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	8,900 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	45 km2	medium
Number of locations	13	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	3300-5300 mature individuals	medium	estimated	1994
Population trend	decreasing	poor	observed	-
Generation length	8.7 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-

Population justification: Population estimates have varied, although the population may be as high as 5,000-8,000 individuals (C. Lalas in litt. 1994). This is roughly equivalent to 3,300-5,300 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The species is suspected to be declining overall. The only national census dates from 1981, when the population was estimated at 1,800-2,000 breeding pairs, 900-1,000 in both Otago and Southland. The Otago population doubled to 1,850 pairs in 1987-1988, and the breeding range also expanded, but numbers then decreased to 1,500 pairs in 1992-1993 (Taylor 2000). In 1914, the population on Kane-te-toe Island was estimated at 400-500 nests; however, by 1975 the colony had been deserted (Watt 1975). The population on Centre Island declined from 600 to 25 nests between 1955 and 1991 (Taylor 2000). Colonies on Jacky Lee and Codfish Islands have also been deserted (B. Weeber in litt. 2000).

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
New Zealand	extant	native		yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
New Zealand	Bluff Harbour Awarua Bay
New Zealand	Catlins Coast
New Zealand	Dunedin Coast (offshore)
New Zealand	Moeraki Katiki Point
New Zealand	North Otago
New Zealand	North Otago (offshore)
New Zealand	Northern Titi Muttonbird Islands
New Zealand	Omaui Island Oreti Estuary
New Zealand	Otago Peninsula
New Zealand	Rakiura (offshore)
New Zealand	Raratoka Centre Island
New Zealand	Ruapuke
New Zealand	South Otago (offshore)
New Zealand	Taiaroa Head
New Zealand	Whenua Hou Codfish Island

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Coastal/Supratidal	Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	major	resident
Marine Intertidal	Tidepools	major	resident
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	suitable	resident
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species mortality
Human intrusions & disturbance	Recreational activities	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Stewart Island Shag Leucocarbo chalconotus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/stewart-island-shag-leucocarbo-chalconotus on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.