Data Zone
Amundson, C. L., P. L. Flint, R. A. Stehn, R. M. Platte, H. M. Wilson, W. W. Larned and J. B. Fischer. 2019. Spatio-temporal population change of Arctic-breeding waterbirds on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Avian Conservation & Ecology 14(1).
Anon. 2001. Critical habitat designated for Spectacled and Steller's Eiders in Alaska. WWF Arctic Bulletin: 20-21.
Balogh, G. 1996. Secret Spectacled Eider wintering grounds found. WWF Arctic Bulletin: 14-15.
Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261.
Carboneras, C. & Kirwan, G.M. 2017. Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (ed.), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Christie, K. S.; Hollmen, T. E.; Flint, P.; Douglas, D. 2018. Non‐linear effect of sea ice: Spectacled Eider survival declines at both extremes of the ice spectrum. Ecology and Evolution 8(23): 11808-11818.
Dau, C. P.; Kistchinski, S. A. 1977. Seasonal movements and distribution of the Spectacled Eider. Wildfowl 28: 65-75.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Fischer, J.B., Williams, A.R. and Stehn, R.A. 2017. Nest population size and potential production of geese and Spectacled Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 1985-2016. Unpubl. Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.
Flint, P. L., Grand, J. B., Petersen, M. R., & Rockwell, R. F. 2016. Effects of Lead Exposure, Environmental Conditions, and Metapopulation Processes on Population Dynamics of Spectacled Eiders. North American Fauna 81(1): 1-41.
Fox, A. D., Jónsson, J. E., Aarvak, T., Bregnballe, T., Christensen, T. K., Clausen, K. K., Clausen, P., Dalby, L., Holm, T.E., Pavon-Jordan, D., Laursen, K., Lehikoinen, A., Lorentsen, S., Moller, A.P., Nordstrom, M., Ost, M., Soderquist, P., Therkildsen, O.R. 2015. Current and Potential Threats to Nordic Duck Populations — A Horizon Scanning Exercise. Annales Zoologici Fennici 52(4): 193-220.
Goethel, C.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Cooper, L. W. 2018. Changes in Population Dynamics of a Key Food Web Component, the Bivalve Macoma calcarea in the Northern Bering Sea from 1998-2015 and its Relation to Rapidly Changing Environmental Parameters. AGUFM 2018.
Goldman, M.; Knight, E.; Smith, M. 2017. Eiders. In: Smith, M. A.; Goldman, M. S.; Knight, E. J.; Warrenchuk, J. J. (ed.), Ecological Atlas of the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas, pp. 126-139. Audubon, Alaska.
Grand, J. B., Flint, P. L., Petersen, M. R., & Moran, C. L. 1998. Effect of lead poisoning on spectacled eider survival rates. The Journal of wildlife management 1: 1103-1109.
Ip, H.S.; Flint, P.L.; Franson, J.C.; Dusek, R.J.; Derksen, D.V.; Gill Jr., R.E.; Ely, C.R.; Pearce, J.M.; Lanctot, R.B.; Matsuoka, S.M.; Irons, D.B.; Fischer, J.B.; Oates, R.M.; Petersen, M.R.; Fondell, T.F.; Rocque, D.A.; Pedersen J.C.; Rothe, T.C. 2008. Prevalence of Influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: Patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways. Virology Journal 5(71).
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Larned, W.; Bollinger, K.; Stehn, R. 2012. Late winter population and distribution of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) in the Bering Sea 2009 & 2010. Project no. 820. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as recommended by The North Pacific Research Board.
Lewis, T. L.; Swaim, M. A.; Schmutz, J. A.; Fischer, J. B. 2019. Improving population estimates of threatened spectacled eiders: correcting aerial counts for visibility bias. Endangered Species Research 39: 191-206.
Lovvorn, J. R., Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., Bump, J. K., & Richman, S. E. 2009. Modeling marine protected areas for threatened eiders in a climatically changing Bering Sea. Ecological Applications 19(6): 1596-1613.
Lovvorn, J. R.; Anderson, E. M.; Rocha, A. R.; Larned, W. W.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Cooper, L. W.; Kolts, J. M.; North, C. A. 2014. Variable wind, pack ice, and prey dispersion affect the long-term adequacy of protected areas for an Arctic sea duck. Ecological Applications 24: 396-412.
Partners in Flight. 2019. Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2019. Available at: http://pif.birdconservancy.org/ACAD.
Petersen, M. R. 1996. Satellite telemetry solves eider mystery. Endangered Species Bulletin 21(5): 7.
Riordan, B., Verbyla, D., & McGuire, A. D. 2006. Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950–2002 remotely sensed images. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 111.
Sea Duck Joint Venture. 2016. Species Status Summary and Information Needs - Spectacled Eider.
Smith, L. C., Sheng, Y., MacDonald, G. M., & Hinzman, L. D. 2005. Disappearing arctic lakes. Science 308: 1429-1429.
Solovyeva, D. V. 2011. Spectacled Eider. In: Syroechkovskiy, E. E. (ed.), Field guide to Anseriformes birds of Russia, pp. 223. Moscow.
Solovyeva, D. V. 2016. Birds of Ayon Island, Chukotskiy AO. Far Eastern Ornithological Journal 5: 19.
Solovyeva, D. V.; Kokhanova, V. Y.; Gabrielson, M.; Christie, K. S. 2017a. Testing for geographic variation in survival of Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) populations in Chukotka, Russia and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Arctic 70(3): 287-294.
Solovyeva, D. V.; Vartanyan, S. L.; Frederiksen, M.; Fox, A. D. 2017b. Changes in nesting success and breeding abundance of Spectacled Eiders Somateria fischeri in the Chaun Delta, Chukotka, Russia, 2003–2016. Polar Biology online access: doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2235-8.
Solovyeva, D. V.; Zelenskaya, L. A. 2016. Changes in the species composition and number of gulls in tundra colonies in the western Chukotka over the last 40 years. Biology Bulletin 43(8): 844-850.
Stehn, R. A.; Dau, C. P.; Conant, B.; Butler, W. I., Jr. 1993. Decline of Spectacled Eiders nesting in Western Alaska. Arctic 46: 264-277.
Stehn, R. A.; Larned, W. W.; Platte, R. M. 2013. Analysis of aerial survey indices monitoring waterbird populations of the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, 1986-2012. Unpubl. report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management , Anchorage, AK.
Steinacher M., Joos, F., Frolicher, T. L., Plattner, G. K., & Doney, S. C. 2009. Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Biogeosciences 6: 515-533.
Swaim, M. A. 2017. Abundance and trend of waterbird populations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 1988-2016. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, Fairbanks.
Warnock, N. 2017. The Alaska WatchList 2017. Audubon Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99501.
Wetlands International. 2020. Waterbird Population Estimates. Available at: https://wpe.wetlands.org.
Wilson, H. M.; Larned, W. W.; Swaim, M. A. 2018. Abundance and trends of waterbird breeding populations on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, 1986-2017. Unpublished report, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
Wilson, H.M.; Hall, J.S.; Flint, P.L.; Franson, J.C.; Ely, C.R.; Schmutz, J.A.; Samuel, M.D. 2013. High Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Viruses among Wild Waterfowl in Alaska: Implications for Surveillance. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58308.
IUCN SSC Duck Specialist Group
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/spectacled-eider-somateria-fischeri on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.