Data Zone
Baker, A.J., Daugherty, C.H., Colbourne, R. and McLennan, J.L. 1995. Flightless Brown Kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 8254-8258.
Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., ?ekercio?lu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13486.
Burbidge, L., Colbourne, R.M., Roberston, H.A. and Baker, A.J. 2003. Molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of Brown Kiwi. Conservation Genetics 4: 167-177.
Calder, W.A., Parr, C.R. and Karl, D.P. 1978. Energy content of eggs of Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis-extreme in avian evolution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 60(2): 177-179.
Colbourne, R. 2005. Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) on offshore New Zealand islands: populations, translocations and identification of potential release sites. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Colbourne, R., Bassett, S., Billing, A., McCormack, H., McLennan, J., Nelson, A. and Robertson, H. 2005. The development of Operation Nest Egg as a tool in the conservation management of kiwi. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Collar, N.J. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2013. Conservation breeding and avian diversity: Chances and challenges. International Zoo Yearbook 48(1): 7-28.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Germano, J., Barlow, S., Castro, I., Colbourne, R., Cox, M., Gillies, C., Hackwell, K., Harawira, J., Impey, M., Reuben, A., Robertson, H., Scrimgeour, J., Sporle, W., Yong., S. 2018. Kiwi Recovery Plan 2018–2028/Mahere Whakaora Kiwi 2018–2028. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 64. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Heather, B. D. & Robertson, H. A. 1997. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. 2015. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.
Herbert, J. & Daugherty, C.H. 2002. Genetic variation, systematics and management of kiwi (Apteryx spp.). Pp. 11–34 in: Overmars, F. ed. (2002). Some early 1990s Studies in Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) Genetics and Management. Science & Research Internal Report 191. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at: http://www.doc.govt.nz/ documents/science-and-technical/ir191a.pdf. (Accessed: April, 2013).
Holzapfel, S.; Robertson, H.A.; McLennan, J.A.; Sporle, W.; Hackwell, K.; Impey, M. 2008 . Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) recovery plan: 2008–2018. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Innes, J., Eppink, F.V., Robertson, H.A. 2015. Saving a national icon: Preliminary estimation of the additional cost of achieving kiwi population stability or 2% growth. Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua.
IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 08 December 2022).
Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, 1: ratites to ducks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
McLennan, J. A.; Potter, M. A.; Robertson, H. A.; Wake, G. C.; Colbourne, R.; Dew, L.; Joyce, L.; McCann, A. J.; Miles, J.; Miller, P. J.; Reid, J. 1996. Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 20: 27-35.
McLennan, J.A., Dew, L., Miles, J., Gillingham, N. and Waiwai, R. 2004. Size matters: predation risk and juvenile growth in North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 28(2): 241-250.
Robertson, H. 2003. Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) recovery plan 1996-2006. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Robertson, H. A. 1998. Kiwi recovery plan 1996--2006. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Robertson, H.A., Baird, K.A., Elliott, G.P., Rodney, A., Hitchmough, N.J., Makan, T.D., Miskelly, C.M., O'Donnell, C.F.J., Sagar, P.M., Scofield, R.P., Taylor, G.A., Michel, P. 2021. Conservation status of birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Robertson, H.A., Colbourne, R.A., Graham, P.J., Miller, P.J. and Pierce, R.J. 2010. Experimental management of Brown Kiwi Apteryx mantelli in central Northland, New Zealand. Bird Conservation International.
Robertson, H.A., de Monchy, P.J.M. 2012. Varied success from the landscape-scale management of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) in five sanctuaries in New Zealand. . Bird Conservation International 22: 429-444.
Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.
Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1993. A supplement to 'Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World'. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.
Tansell, J., Edmonds, H.K., Robertson, H.A. 2016. Landscape-scale trapping of stoats (Mustela erminea) benefits tokoeka (Apteryx australis) in the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland, New Zealand. Notornis 63: 1-8.
Weir, J., Haddrath, O., Robertson, H.A., Colbourne, R.M., Baker, A.J. In press. Explosive ice age diversification of kiwi. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (in press).
New Zealand Govt - Dept of Conservation - Recovery Plan
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Macaulay Library
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Southern Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/southern-brown-kiwi-apteryx-australis on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.