• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(ii)

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Endangered	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)
2018	Endangered	B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(ii)
2016	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v); C2a(ii)
2012	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v);C2a(ii)
2011	Endangered	B1ab(ii,v);C2a(ii)
2008	Vulnerable	D1
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Vulnerable
1996	Vulnerable
1994	Vulnerable
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	412 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	480 km2
Number of locations	1	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	2600-3700 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2015
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Generation length	4.2 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: Based on transect surveys and distribution modelling, the population size has been estimated at 3,893 - 5,497 individuals (Cavalho 2015), which equates to approximately 2,600 - 3,700 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The population is inferred to be declining owing to hunting pressure. The species is large and tame and a prime target for hunters, and has disappeared or become scarce in easily accessible areas (Carvalho, 2015). 

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
São Tomé e Príncipe	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
São Tomé e Príncipe	Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé e Zona Tampão
São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé lowland forests
São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé montane and cloud-forests

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	0 - 2024 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 7
		Stresses Species mortality
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Commercial & industrial areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 3
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Negligible declines		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Sao Tome Olive-pigeon Columba thomensis. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sao-tome-olive-pigeon-columba-thomensis on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.