• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note

Crithagra concolor (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) was previously placed in the genus Neospiza following Dowsett & Forbes-Watson (1993); Sibley & Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
C2a(ii)	C2a(i,ii); D	B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Critically Endangered	C2a(ii)
2018	Critically Endangered	C2a(ii)
2016	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)
2015	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v);C2a(i,ii);D
2013	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v);C2a(i,ii);D
2012	Critically Endangered	B1ab(iii,v);C2a(i,ii);D
2009	Critically Endangered	C2a(ii); D1
2008	Critically Endangered
2004	Critically Endangered
2000	Critically Endangered
1996	Critically Endangered
1994	Critically Endangered
1988	Threatened

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	220 km2	medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident)	284 km2
Number of locations	6-10	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	50-249 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2016
Population trend	decreasing	poor	inferred	-
Generation length	3.3 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	1	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	100%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species is assumed to have a tiny population due to the scarcity of records. However, a recent extensive survey collated 39 records of this species, including many new localities, in altitude, and in secondary forest (de Lima et al. 2017). The species is very difficult to detect, so could be more abundant than current records suggest (Ward-Francis et al. 2015; de Lima et al. 2017), and whilst still likely to have a small population, the recent evidence suggests there could be >250 mature individuals. However, it is precautionarily placed in the range of 50-249 mature individuals.

Trend justification: The population is inferred to be declining as a result of ongoing habitat degradation, plus the impacts of introduced predators, however the rate of decline has not been estimated.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
São Tomé e Príncipe	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
São Tomé e Príncipe	Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé e Zona Tampão
São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé lowland forests

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	major	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	100 - 1400 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Scale Unknown/Unrecorded	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Unlikely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Minority (<50%)		Very Rapid Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use	Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem conversion
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Cercopithecus mona	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Civettictis civetta	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Mustela nivalis	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Species mortality
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases	Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Rattus rattus	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Whole (>90%)		Unknown		Unknown
		Stresses Reduced reproductive success
Natural system modifications	Dams & water management/use - Large dams	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Future		Majority (50-90%)		Rapid Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		No decline		Low Impact: 4
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Sao Tome Grosbeak Crithagra concolor. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sao-tome-grosbeak-crithagra-concolor on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.