Taxonomic source(s)
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Critically Endangered | Endangered | Vulnerable |
---|---|---|
- | - | A2cde+3cde+4cde |
Year | Category | Criteria |
---|---|---|
2020 | Vulnerable | A2cde+3cde+4cde |
2018 | Vulnerable | A2cde+3cde+4cde |
2016 | Vulnerable | A2cde+3cde+4cde |
2012 | Vulnerable | A2cde+3cde+4cde |
2008 | Vulnerable | A2c,d,e; A3c,d,e; A4c,d,e |
2007 | Vulnerable | |
2004 | Least Concern | |
2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern | |
1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | high |
Land-mass type | Average mass | - |
Estimate | Data quality | |
---|---|---|
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) | 11,300,000 km2 | medium |
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding) | 3,790,000 km2 | medium |
Severely fragmented? | no | - |
Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population size | unknown | poor | estimated | 2007 |
Population trend | decreasing | medium | estimated | 2014-2024 |
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) | 30-49% | - | - | - |
Generation length | 2.8 years | - | - | - |
Population justification: The population is estimated to number anywhere between 0.2-2 million individuals (R. Greenberg in litt. 2006, Scarl 2013), although a lack of accurate population surveys render this estimate highly uncertain. Further research to accurately quantify this species's population size is a pressing requirement.
Trend justification: The Christmas Bird Count currently estimates population declines of ~4.61% per year for E. carolinus throughout Canada, where the majority of this species's breeding range lies; equable to a ~37.6% decline over the stipulated ten year period (Meehan et al. 2018). Declines in the USA are however, estimated to be lower, just ~1.46% per year, or 13.7% over ten years. This is reflected in the Partners in Flight (2019) estimated rate of annual decline of ~2.50%, or 22.4% across the decade. Accurate quantitative estimates of this species's population size and trends are difficult to come by, therefore by interpreting the above estimates, it is tentatively assumed that E. carolinus is declining at a rate in excess of >30% per decade due to the high rates of past decline and rapid reductions currently ongoing throughout its breeding range. More accurate quantification of such trends should constitute an urgent research priority however.
Country/Territory | Presence | Origin | Resident | Breeding visitor | Non-breeding visitor | Passage migrant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
Greenland (to Denmark) | extant | vagrant | ||||
Mexico | extant | vagrant | ||||
Russia | extant | vagrant | ||||
Russia (Asian) | extant | vagrant | ||||
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | extant | native | yes | yes | ||
USA | extant | native | yes | yes | yes |
Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | marginal | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | major | non-breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | breeding |
Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | major | non-breeding |
Altitude | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Persecution/control | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Rapid Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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Biological resource use | Logging & wood harvesting - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
|
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Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
|
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Natural system modifications | Dams & water management/use - Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Declines | Medium Impact: 6 | ||||||
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Pollution | Air-borne pollutants - Acid rain | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Pollution | Industrial & military effluents - Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
|
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Residential & commercial development | Housing & urban areas | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Past, Unlikely to Return | Majority (50-90%) | Rapid Declines | Past Impact | ||||||
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Transportation & service corridors | Utility & service lines | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rusty-blackbird-euphagus-carolinus on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.