Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) - BirdLife species factsheet

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres

Current view: Data table and detailed info

Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2bcd+4bcd

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2024	Near Threatened	A2bcd+4bcd
2019	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Species attributes

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

Range

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	17,000,000 km²	medium
Extent of Occurrence (non-breeding)	363,000,000 km²	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

Population

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	750000-1750000 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2023
Population trend	decreasing	-	estimated	2010-2028
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-35,20-29%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	20-35,20-29%	-	-	-
Generation length	6.01 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2	-	-	-

Population justification: Andres et al. (2012) estimated that North American morinella and interpres totalled 245,000 but a more recent evaluation (Bart et al. in prep.) estimates a much larger total for breeding populations in Canada alone (thus excluding Alaska and Greenland from their estimates) of c.510,000 (±c.170,000) for morinella and c.460,000 (±c.150,000) interpres, thus giving a total of 650,000-1,300,000. Populations of interpres in northern Europe, Siberia etc. have variably been summed to total 184,000-320,000 (van Roomen et al. 2022, Hansen et al. 2022, Wetlands International 2023), although unlike the previous data these figures are based principally on non-breeding counts, and therefore likely contain a significant number (estimated here to be 20-30%) of immatures. Summing available data gives a global estimate of 760,000-1,524,000 mature individuals, rounded here to 750,000-1,750,000 mature individuals to account for some inherent uncertainty.

Trend justification: Trends vary across populations but a collation of available data suggests moderately rapid declines in this species over the past three generations (18 years).

In the Americas, subspecies morinella (at least c.27% of global population of the species, but possibly much greater [see below]) was estimated by Smith et al. (2023) to have declined at a rate of 46.7% over the three generations to 2019. PRISM surveys in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska between 2002/2004 and 2019/2022 showed a decline in the point estimate (2002/2004: 2,984, SE=1,484; 2019/2022: 811, SE = 595). A similar survey in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area in north central Alaska showed a slight decrease in number of individuals detected in 2007/2008 (17) to 2023 (15) (R. Lanctot in litt. 2024). While less severe in rate, eBird data similarly show a decline in this population of 10.8% (4.1-16.3%) in the ten years between 2011 and 2021, equivalent to a rate of nearly 20% over three generations (Fink et al. 2023). Those wintering recorded in Audobon's Christmas Bird Count however show a broadly stable trend in all time windows (1970-2021, 1993-2021, 2009-2021) (Meehan et al. 2022). There is some uncertainty regarding the population size of A. i. morinella, with Bart et al. (in prep.) estimating a population size significantly above that of Andres et al. (2012); accordingly, this subspecies may represent a higher proportion of the global population than currently recognised.
The taxon interpres is split into five subpopulations with disparate trends. (1) The population that breeds in north-east Canada and Greenland, and winters in Western Europe and north-west Africa (c.35% of global population), is likely to have a stable trend. Nagy and Langendoen (2020) reported moderate increases in abundance from 1977 to 2018 (1.0243) and a stable trend 2009 to 2018 (0.9979); also see data in van Roomen et al. (2022: p.200). (2) Those wintering in northern Europe and West Africa (c.10% of global population) are thought to have declined rapidly between 2006 and 2018, at a rate approaching 50% over three generations (Nagy and Langendoen 2020) but data between 2015 and 2020 apparently showed little to no decline (van Roomen et al. 2022). (3) Those wintering in south-west Asia and east/southern Africa (c.15% of global population) have also probably declined extremely rapidly, with data from 12 countries across the region (excluding Oman) indicating declines at a rate equivalent to 83% over three generations between 2009 and 2018. Note, however, that counts at Barr al Hikman, Oman, showed increasing numbers over a similar timeframe (de Fouw et al. 2017), although the latter may be an artefact of improved count coverage and methodology. (4) Trends of birds wintering in South Asia (c.8% of global population) are uncertain over the past three generations, although reporting rates in citizen science data in India suggest here too the species is declining, perhaps rapidly (SoIB 2023). Finally, (5) those wintering in the Pacific and South-East Asia regions (c.5% of global population) are thought to have declined moderately rapidly. Numbers in Australia declined at a rate equivalent to 25% over the three generations to 2021 (numbers differ slightly from those published due to use of a different generation length to that used here), albeit with a fairly stable trend since c.2010 (Rogers et al. 2023), while Langendoen et al. (2021), using data from the Asian Waterbird Census, suggested similar declines of 32%. In New Zealand, Riegen and Sagar (2020) recorded a 61% decline of this species in recent national wader counts across the country when 2005-2017 numbers are compared to numbers reported 1983-1994. However, some caution is needed in these latter data, as Riegen and Sagar (2020) did not sample some key wintering sites in their later time period; thus while declines reported are probably legitimate, they may be exaggerated. Moreover, more recent data comparing numbers between 2008 and 2022 showed a broadly stable trend in New Zealand (H. Robertson in litt. 2024). In Sweden, breeding A. i. interpres apparently declined by more than 80% between 2003 and 2018 (K. Larsson in litt. 2024), and unquantified declines have also been reported from Chukotka, Russia (D. Solovyeva in litt. 2024). Migration counts from Hanko Bird Observatory, Finland, suggest a rapid long-term decline between 1979-1999 and 2020-2022, equivalent to 82%; a short-term decline of 24% is also reported in the short term (between 2010 and 2019) (Ornithological Society of Helsinki 2024, A. Lehikoinen in litt. 2024).

Combining available data sources with their relevant population size weighting yields a global population decline over the past three generations of c.24-32%. Given some extrapolation in the methods of deriving these trend estimates and some uncertainty regarding population sizes (thus what relative weight should be given to each population trend), the rate of global population decline is broadened to a bracket of 20-35%, with a best estimate of 20-29% based on the observation that in most populations estimated to be declining (including van Roomen et al. 2022, Smith et al. 2023, Rogers et al. 2023) in the most recent years of the time window analysed (typically 2018-2021), declines had evidently begun to slow such that declines over the most recent three generations (2008-2024) are probably slightly slower than those published.

Country/territory distribution

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Afghanistan	extant	native			yes
Albania	extant	native			yes
Algeria	extant	native		yes	yes
American Samoa	extant	native		yes	yes
Angola	extant	native		yes	yes
Anguilla (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Antigua and Barbuda	extant	native		yes	yes
Argentina	extant	native		yes	yes
Armenia	extant	native			yes
Aruba (to Netherlands)	extant	native		yes	yes
Australia	extant	native		yes	yes
Austria	extant	native			yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native			yes
Bahamas	extant	native		yes	yes
Bahrain	extant	native		yes	yes
Bangladesh	extant	native		yes	yes
Barbados	extant	native		yes	yes
Belarus	extant	native			yes
Belgium	extant	native		yes	yes
Belize	extant	native		yes	yes
Benin	extant	native		yes	yes
Bermuda (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Bolivia	extant	native			yes
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands)	extant	native		yes	yes
Botswana	extant	native			yes
Brazil	extant	native		yes	yes
British Indian Ocean Territory	extant	native		yes	yes
Brunei	extant	native		yes	yes
Bulgaria	extant	native			yes
Burkina Faso	extant	native			yes
Burundi	extant	native			yes
Cambodia	extant	native		yes	yes
Cameroon	extant	native		yes	yes
Canada	extant	native	yes	yes	yes
Cape Verde	extant	native		yes	yes
Cayman Islands (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Chad	extant	native			yes
Chile	extant	native		yes	yes
China (mainland)	extant	native		yes	yes
Christmas Island (to Australia)	extant	native		yes	yes
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (to Australia)	extant	native		yes	yes
Colombia	extant	native		yes	yes
Comoros	extant	native		yes	yes
Congo	extant	native		yes	yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	extant	native		yes	yes
Cook Islands	extant	native		yes	yes
Costa Rica	extant	native		yes	yes
Côte d'Ivoire	extant	native		yes	yes
Croatia	extant	native			yes
Cuba	extant	native		yes	yes
Curaçao (to Netherlands)	extant	native		yes	yes
Cyprus	extant	native			yes
Czechia	extant	native			yes
Denmark	extant	native		yes	yes
Djibouti	extant	native		yes	yes
Dominica	extant	native		yes	yes
Dominican Republic	extant	native		yes	yes
Ecuador	extant	native		yes	yes
Egypt	extant	native		yes	yes
El Salvador	extant	native		yes	yes
Equatorial Guinea	extant	native		yes	yes
Eritrea	extant	native		yes	yes
Estonia	extant	native	yes		yes
Eswatini	extant	native			yes
Ethiopia	extant	native			yes
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	extant	native			yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native			yes
Fiji	extant	native		yes	yes
Finland	extant	native	yes		yes
France	extant	native		yes	yes
French Guiana	extant	native		yes	yes
French Polynesia	extant	native		yes	yes
French Southern Territories	extant	native		yes	yes
Gabon	extant	native		yes	yes
Gambia	extant	native		yes	yes
Georgia	extant	native			yes
Germany	extant	native		yes	yes
Ghana	extant	native		yes	yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Greece	extant	native			yes
Greenland (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes		yes
Grenada	extant	native		yes	yes
Guadeloupe (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
Guam (to USA)	extant	native		yes	yes
Guatemala	extant	native		yes	yes
Guinea	extant	native		yes	yes
Guinea-Bissau	extant	native		yes	yes
Guyana	extant	native		yes	yes
Haiti	extant	native		yes	yes
Honduras	extant	native		yes	yes
Hong Kong (China)	extant	native		yes	yes
Hungary	extant	native			yes
Iceland	extant	native			yes
India	extant	native		yes	yes
Indonesia	extant	native		yes	yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native		yes	yes
Iraq	extant	native		yes	yes
Ireland	extant	native		yes	yes
Israel	extant	native		yes	yes
Italy	extant	native		yes	yes
Jamaica	extant	native		yes	yes
Japan	extant	native		yes	yes
Jordan	extant	native		yes	yes
Kazakhstan	extant	native			yes
Kenya	extant	native		yes	yes
Kiribati	extant	native		yes	yes
Kuwait	extant	native		yes	yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native			yes
Latvia	extant	native	yes		yes
Lebanon	extant	native		yes	yes
Lesotho	extant	native			yes
Liberia	extant	native		yes	yes
Libya	extant	native		yes	yes
Liechtenstein	extant	native			yes
Lithuania	extant	native			yes
Luxembourg	extant	native			yes
Macao (China)	extant	native		yes	yes
Madagascar	extant	native		yes	yes
Malawi	extant	native			yes
Malaysia	extant	native		yes	yes
Maldives	extant	native		yes	yes
Mali	extant	native			yes
Malta	extant	native			yes
Marshall Islands	extant	native		yes	yes
Martinique (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
Mauritania	extant	native		yes	yes
Mauritius	extant	native		yes	yes
Mayotte (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
Mexico	extant	native		yes	yes
Micronesia, Federated States of	extant	native		yes	yes
Mongolia	extant	native			yes
Montenegro	extant	native			yes
Montserrat (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Morocco	extant	native		yes	yes
Mozambique	extant	native		yes	yes
Myanmar	extant	native		yes	yes
Namibia	extant	native		yes	yes
Nauru	extant	native		yes	yes
Nepal	extant	native			yes
Netherlands	extant	native		yes	yes
New Caledonia (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
New Zealand	extant	native		yes	yes
Nicaragua	extant	native		yes	yes
Niger	extant	native			yes
Nigeria	extant	native		yes	yes
Niue (to New Zealand)	extant	native		yes	yes
Norfolk Island (to Australia)	extant	native		yes	yes
North Korea	extant	native			yes
North Macedonia	extant	native			yes
Northern Mariana Islands (to USA)	extant	native		yes	yes
Norway	extant	native	yes		yes
Oman	extant	native		yes	yes
Pakistan	extant	native		yes	yes
Palau	extant	native		yes	yes
Palestine	extant	native		yes	yes
Panama	extant	native		yes	yes
Papua New Guinea	extant	native		yes	yes
Paraguay	extant	native			yes
Peru	extant	native		yes	yes
Philippines	extant	native		yes	yes
Pitcairn Islands (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Poland	extant	native			yes
Portugal	extant	native		yes	yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	extant	native		yes	yes
Qatar	extant	native		yes	yes
Réunion (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
Romania	extant	native			yes
Russia	extant	native	yes		yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	native	yes		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native	yes		yes
Russia (European)	extant	native	yes		yes
Rwanda	extant	native			yes
Samoa	extant	native		yes	yes
São Tomé e Príncipe	extant	native		yes	yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native		yes	yes
Senegal	extant	native		yes	yes
Serbia	extant	native			yes
Seychelles	extant	native		yes	yes
Sierra Leone	extant	native		yes	yes
Singapore	extant	native		yes	yes
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands)	extant	native		yes	yes
Slovakia	extant	native			yes
Slovenia	extant	native			yes
Solomon Islands	extant	native		yes	yes
Somalia	extant	native		yes	yes
South Africa	extant	native		yes	yes
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	extant	native			yes
South Korea	extant	native			yes
South Sudan	extant	native			yes
Spain	extant	native		yes	yes
Sri Lanka	extant	native		yes	yes
St Barthelemy (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
St Helena (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
St Kitts and Nevis	extant	native		yes	yes
St Lucia	extant	native		yes	yes
St Martin (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	native			yes
St Vincent and the Grenadines	extant	native		yes	yes
Sudan	extant	native		yes	yes
Suriname	extant	native		yes	yes
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	extant	native	yes		yes
Sweden	extant	native	yes		yes
Switzerland	extant	native			yes
Syria	extant	native		yes	yes
Taiwan, China	extant	native		yes	yes
Tajikistan	extant	native			yes
Tanzania	extant	native		yes	yes
Thailand	extant	native		yes	yes
Timor-Leste	extant	native		yes	yes
Togo	extant	native		yes	yes
Tokelau (to New Zealand)	extant	native		yes	yes
Tonga	extant	native		yes	yes
Trinidad and Tobago	extant	native		yes	yes
Tunisia	extant	native		yes	yes
Türkiye	extant	native			yes
Turkmenistan	extant	native			yes
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Tuvalu	extant	native		yes	yes
Uganda	extant	native			yes
Ukraine	extant	native			yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	native		yes	yes
United Kingdom	extant	native		yes	yes
United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA)	extant	native		yes	yes
Uruguay	extant	native		yes	yes
USA	extant	native	yes	yes	yes
Uzbekistan	extant	native			yes
Vanuatu	extant	native		yes	yes
Venezuela	extant	native		yes	yes
Vietnam	extant	native		yes	yes
Virgin Islands (to UK)	extant	native		yes	yes
Virgin Islands (to USA)	extant	native		yes	yes
Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France)	extant	native		yes	yes
Western Sahara	extant	native		yes	yes
Yemen	extant	native		yes	yes
Zambia	extant	native			yes
Zimbabwe	extant	native			yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Canada	Foxe Basin Islands
Costa Rica	Nicoya Gulf mangroves and coastal areas
Costa Rica	Sierpe Wetlands and Osa Peninsula
France	Anse du Fiers d'Ars en Ré
France	Baie de Goulven
France	Baie de Quiberon
France	Baies de Morlaix et de Carantec
France	Jaudy et Sept-Iles
France	Traicts et marais salants de la Presqu'île Guérandaise
French Guiana	Ile de Cayenne
French Guiana	Littoral
French Guiana	Littoral Kourou
French Guiana	Littoral Macouria
French Guiana	Littoral Sinnamary
French Guiana	Plaine Kaw et Pointe Béhague
Germany	Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park
Germany	Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (includes the Halligs, Kniepsand/Amrum, Lister Koog, Rantumbecken, Rickelsb
Guinea-Bissau	Arquipélago dos Bijagós
Guinea-Bissau	Rio Mansôa and Gêba estuary
Guinea-Bissau	Rio Tombali, Rio Cumbijã and Ilha de Melo
Iceland	Alftanes-Akrar
Iceland	Melrakkasletta
Iceland	Skerjafjordur
Iceland	Stafnes-Gardur
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay
Iran, Islamic Republic of	South Caspian shore, from Astara to Gomishan
Japan	Awase tidal flat
Japan	Ikawazu tidal flat
Japan	Inner Tokyo bay
Japan	Lake Furen, On-netou
Japan	Notsuke, Odaitou
Japan	Shiokawa tidal flat
Japan	Yaeyama islands
Malaysia	Sadong-Saribas coast
Mauritania	Banc d'Arguin National Park
Mauritania	Cap Blanc
Morocco	Dakhla area
Morocco	Région Jorf Lasfar
Namibia	30-Kilometre Beach: Walvis - Swakopmund
Namibia	Sandwich Harbour
Namibia	Walvis Bay
Netherlands	Oosterschelde
Netherlands	Wadden Sea
Norway	Slettnes
Norway	Varanger Peninsula
Oman	Barr al Hikman
Oman	Masirah island
Palau	Northern Peleliu Lkes (sandflats)
Portugal	Ria Formosa (Faro lagoon)
Russia (Asian)	Cape Billings
Russia (Asian)	Chaun delta
Russia (Asian)	Gusikha river basin and lower Balakhnya river
Russia (Asian)	Izvestiy Tsik islands
Russia (Asian)	Lower Nizhnyaya Taymyra river
Russia (Asian)	Preobrazheniya island
Russia (Asian)	West Chaun plain
Russia (Asian)	Wrangel and Herald Islands
Saudi Arabia	Farasan Islands
Saudi Arabia	Jiddah south corniche and port
Saudi Arabia	Jizan Bay
Saudi Arabia	Sabkhat al-Fasl lagoons
Saudi Arabia	Tarut Bay
Seychelles	Aldabra Special Reserve
Seychelles	Cosmoledo
South Africa	Dassen Island
South Africa	Swartkops Estuary - Redhouse and Chatty Saltpans
South Africa	West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands
South Korea	Dongjin estuary
South Korea	Mangyeong estuary
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway)	Bjørnøya (Bear Island)
Sweden	Archipelago of Stockholm
Sweden	Coastal area of Eastern Gotland
Sweden	Holmöarna Archipelago
Tunisia	Îles Kneiss
Ukraine	Syvash Bay
United Kingdom	East Sanday
United Kingdom	Firth of Forth
United Kingdom	Guernsey Shoreline
United Kingdom	Isles of Scilly
United Kingdom	Jersey Shoreline
United Kingdom	Mid-Essex Coast
United Kingdom	Morecambe Bay
United Kingdom	North Norfolk Coast
United Kingdom	Northumbria Coast
United Kingdom	Outer Ards
United Kingdom	Rosehearty to Fraserburgh Coast
United Kingdom	South Down Coast
United Kingdom	Stour and Orwell Estuaries
United Kingdom	Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay
United Kingdom	The Wash
United Kingdom	Uists Machairs, Lochs and Coast
USA	Delaware Bayshore Region
USA	Delaware Coastal Zone
USA	Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Habitats & altitude

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Grassland	Tundra	major	breeding
Marine Intertidal	Mud Flats and Salt Flats	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Rocky Shoreline	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Intertidal	Tidepools	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Back Slope	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope)	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Inter-Reef Rubble Substrate	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Inter-Reef Soft Substrate	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Lagoon	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Coral Reef - Outer Reef Channel	suitable	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Estuaries	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands	suitable	breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)	suitable	non-breeding
Wetlands (inland)	Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)	major	breeding
Altitude		Occasional altitudinal limits

Threats & impact

Threat (level 1)

Threat (level 2)

Impact and Stresses

Agriculture & aquaculture

Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Industrial aquaculture

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Agriculture & aquaculture

Marine & freshwater aquaculture - Subsistence/artisinal aquaculture

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation

Biological resource use

Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Biological resource use

Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation

Biological resource use

Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Species mortality

Biological resource use

Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Unintentional effects (species is not the target)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Species mortality

Climate change & severe weather

Habitat shifting & alteration

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Whole (>90%)

Unknown

Stresses
Reduced reproductive success

Energy production & mining

Mining & quarrying

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Energy production & mining

Oil & gas drilling

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation

Energy production & mining

Renewable energy

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Human intrusions & disturbance

Recreational activities

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Species disturbance

Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Spartina alterniflora

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Pollution

Industrial & military effluents - Oil spills

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Species mortality

Residential & commercial development

Commercial & industrial areas

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Residential & commercial development

Housing & urban areas

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Unknown

Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Utilisation

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	subsistence, national

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/ruddy-turnstone-arenaria-interpres on 24/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 24/11/2024.