Data Zone
Bird, J.P., Martin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., Gilroy, J., Burfield, I.J., Garnett, S.G., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Şekercioğlu, Ç.H. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34(5): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13486.
Brothers, N. and Ledingham, R. 2008. The avifauna of Bishop and Clerk islets and its relationship to nearby Macquarie Island. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 142: 117-121.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union, Melbourne.
Crawford, R. J. M., Ellenberg, U., Frere, E., Hagen, C., Baird, K., Brewin, P. Crofts, S., Glass, J., Mattern, T. and Pompert, J. 2017. Tangled and drowned: A global review of penguin bycatch in fisheries. Endangered Species Research 34: 373–396.
Ganendran, L.B., Sidhu, L.A., Catchpole, E.A., Chambers, L.E. and Dann, P. 2016. Effects of ambient air temperature, humidity and rainfall on annual survival of adult little penguins Eudyptula minor in southeastern Australia. International Journal of Biometeorology 60: 1237-1245.
Heupink, T.H., van den Hoff, J. and Lambert, D.M. 2012. King penguin population on Macquarie Island recovers ancient DNA diversity after heavy exploitation in historic times. Biology letters 8: 586-589.
Hindell, M.A., Roberston, G.G. and Williams, R. 1995. Resource partitioning in four species of sympatrically breeding penguins. In: Dann, P., Norman, I., Reilly, P. (ed.), The Penguins: Ecology and Management, pp. 196-215. Surrey, Beatty & Sons, Sydney.
Holmes, N., Giese, M. and Kriwoken, L.K. 2005. Testing the minimum approach distance guidelines for incubating Royal penguins Eudyptes schlegeli. Biological Conservation 126: 339-350.
Hull, C.L. 1999. The foraging zones of breeding Royal and Rockhopper Penguins: an assessment of techniques and species comparison. Wildlife Research 26: 789-803.
Hull, C.L. 2000. Comparative diving behavior and segregation of the marine habitat by breeding Royal Penguins, Eudyptes schlegeli , and eastern Rockhopper Penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome filholi , at Macquarie Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(3): 333-345.
Hull, C.L., Hindell, M.A., and Michael, K.J. 1997. The foraging zones of Royal Penguins during the breeding season, and their association with oceanographic features. Marine Ecology Progress Series 153: 217-228.
IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 21 July 2022).
Kühn, S, Rebolledo, E.L.B, and van Franeker J.A. 2015. Deleterious effects of litter on marine life. In: Bergmann, M., Gutow, L, Klages, M. (ed.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, pp. 75-116. Springer Open, Cham.
Parks and Wildlife Service. 2014. Evaluation Report: Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Project, August 2014. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania.
Robinson, S.A. and Copson, G.R. 2014. Eradication of cats (Felis catus) from subantarctic Macquarie Island. Ecological Management & Restoration 15: 34-40.
Ropert-Coudert, Y., Chiaradia, A., Ainley, D., Barbosa, A., Boersma, P.D., Brasso, R., Dewar, M., Ellenberg, U., Garcia Borboroglu, P., Emmerson, L., Hickcox, R., Jenouvrier, S., Kato, A., McIntosh, R.R., Lewis, P., Ramírez, F., Ruoppolo, V., Ryan, P.G., Seddon, P.J., Sherley, R.B., Vanstreels, R.E.T., Waller, L., Woehler, E. and Trathan, P.N. 2019. Happy feet in a hostile world? The future of penguins depends on proactive management of current and expected threats. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 248.
Rounsevell, D.E. and Brothers, N.P. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds at Macquarie Island. In: Croxall, J.P.; Evans, P.G.H.; Schreiber, R.W. (ed.), Status and conservation of the world's seabirds, pp. 587-592. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K.
Salton, M., Kliska, K., Carmichael, N. and Alderman, R. 2019. Population status of the endemic royal penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli) at Macquarie Island. Polar Biology 42: 771-781.
Springer, K. 2016. Methodology and challenges of a complex multi-species eradication in the sub-Antarctic and immediate effects of invasive species removal. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 40: 273-278.
Trathan, P.N., Garcia-Borboroglu, P., Boersma, D., Bost, C.A., Crawford, R.J.M., Crossin, G.T., Cuthbert, R.J., Dann, P., Davis, L.S., De La Puente, S., Ellenberg, U., Lynch, H.J., Mattern, T., Putz, K., Seddon, P.J., Trivelpiece, W. and Wienecke, B. 2015. Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins. Conservation Biology 29(1): 31-41.
Woehler E.J., Baker, G.B. and Garnett, S.T. 2021. Royal Penguin Eudyptes schlegeli. In: Garnett S.T., Baker, G.B. (ed.), The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020, pp. 75-77. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
IUCN SSC Penguin Specialist Group
Australian Govt - Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000 - Recovery Outline
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Macaulay Library
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Royal Penguin Eudyptes schlegeli. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/royal-penguin-eudyptes-schlegeli on 25/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 25/11/2024.