Rock Dove (Columba livia) - BirdLife species factsheet

Rock Dove Columba livia

Current view: Data table and detailed info

Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of_the_WP15.xls.
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.
Turbott, E.G. 1990. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2016	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Species attributes

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	does not normally occur in forest
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

Range

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	61,000,000 km²	medium
Severely fragmented?	no	-

Population

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	estimated	2009
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	5.8 years	-	-	-

Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.260,000,000 individuals (Rich et al. 2004). The European population is estimated at 11,000,000-22,600,000 pairs, which equates to 22,100,000-45,200,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).

Trend justification: The population size is suspected to be decreasing owing to interbreeding with domestic form; declines have been recorded in Israel (del Hoyo et al. 1997).

Country/territory distribution

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Afghanistan	extant	native	yes
Albania	extant	native		yes
Algeria	extant	native	yes
American Samoa	extant	introduced	yes
Andorra	extant	native	yes
Angola	extant	introduced		yes
Anguilla (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Antigua and Barbuda	extant	introduced	yes
Argentina	extant	introduced	yes
Armenia	extant	native		yes
Aruba (to Netherlands)	extant	introduced	yes
Australia	extant	introduced		yes
Austria	extant	native	yes
Azerbaijan	extant	native	yes
Bahamas	extant	introduced	yes
Bahrain	extant	introduced	yes
Bangladesh	extant	introduced		yes
Barbados	extant	introduced	yes
Belarus	extant	native	yes
Belgium	extant	native	yes
Belize	extant	introduced	yes
Bermuda (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Bhutan	extant	native		yes
Bolivia	extant	introduced	yes
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands)	extant	introduced	yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	extant	native		yes
Botswana	extant	introduced	yes
Brazil	extant	introduced	yes
Brunei	extant	introduced		yes
Bulgaria	extant	native	yes
Burkina Faso	extant	introduced	yes
Cambodia	extant	introduced		yes
Canada	extant	introduced	yes
Cape Verde	extant	native	yes
Cayman Islands (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Chad	extant	native	yes
Chile	extant	introduced	yes
China (mainland)	extant	native		yes
Colombia	extant	introduced	yes
Comoros	extant	introduced	yes
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	extant	introduced	yes
Cook Islands	extant	introduced	yes
Costa Rica	extant	introduced	yes
Côte d'Ivoire	extant	introduced	yes
Croatia	extant	native	yes
Cuba	extant	introduced	yes
Curaçao (to Netherlands)	extant	introduced	yes
Cyprus	extant	native	yes
Czechia	extant	native		yes
Denmark	extant	introduced	yes
Djibouti	extant	introduced		yes
Dominica	extant	introduced	yes
Dominican Republic	extant	introduced	yes
Ecuador	extant	introduced	yes
Egypt	extant	native	yes
El Salvador	extant	introduced	yes
Eritrea	extant	vagrant			yes
Estonia	extant	native	yes
Eswatini	extant	introduced		yes
Ethiopia	extant	native		yes
Faroe Islands (to Denmark)	extant	native	yes
Fiji	extant	introduced	yes
Finland	extant	native	yes			yes
France	extant	native	yes
French Guiana	extant	introduced	yes
French Polynesia	extant	introduced		yes
Gabon	extant	introduced	yes
Gambia	extant	introduced	yes
Georgia	extant	native		yes
Germany	extant	native		yes
Ghana	extant	introduced	yes
Gibraltar (to UK)	extant	introduced		yes
Greece	extant	native	yes
Grenada	extant	introduced	yes
Guadeloupe (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Guam (to USA)	extant	introduced		yes
Guatemala	extant	introduced	yes
Guinea	extant	introduced	yes
Guinea-Bissau	extant	introduced	yes
Guyana	extant	introduced	yes
Haiti	extant	introduced	yes
Honduras	extant	introduced	yes
Hong Kong (China)	extant	introduced	yes
Hungary	extant	native		yes
Iceland	extant	native	yes
India	extant	native		yes
Indonesia	extant	introduced		yes
Iran, Islamic Republic of	extant	native	yes
Iraq	extant	native	yes
Ireland	extant	native	yes
Israel	extant	native		yes
Italy	extant	native	yes
Jamaica	extant	introduced	yes
Japan	extant	introduced	yes
Jordan	extant	native	yes
Kazakhstan	extant	native		yes
Kenya	extant	introduced	yes
Kiribati	extant	introduced	yes
Kuwait	extant	introduced	yes
Kyrgyzstan	extant	native		yes
Laos	extant	introduced		yes
Latvia	extant	native	yes
Lebanon	extant	native	yes
Lesotho	extant	introduced		yes
Liberia	extant	introduced	yes
Libya	extant	native	yes
Liechtenstein	extant	introduced		yes
Lithuania	extant	native		yes
Luxembourg	extant	native	yes
Madagascar	extant	introduced	yes
Malaysia	extant	introduced		yes
Maldives	extant	introduced		yes
Mali	extant	native	yes
Malta	extant	native	yes
Marshall Islands	extant	uncertain	yes
Martinique (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Mauritania	extant	native	yes
Mauritius	extant	introduced		yes
Mayotte (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Mexico	extant	introduced	yes
Micronesia, Federated States of	extant	introduced	yes
Moldova	extant	native	yes
Monaco	extant	native	yes
Mongolia	extant	native		yes
Montenegro	extant	native		yes
Montserrat (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Morocco	extant	native	yes
Mozambique	extant	introduced		yes
Myanmar	extant	native		yes
Namibia	extant	introduced		yes
Nauru	extant	introduced		yes
Nepal	extant	native		yes
Netherlands	extant	introduced	yes
New Caledonia (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
New Zealand	extant	introduced		yes
Nicaragua	extant	introduced	yes
Niger	extant	introduced	yes
Nigeria	extant	introduced	yes
North Korea	extant	introduced	yes
North Macedonia	extant	native	yes
Northern Mariana Islands (to USA)	extant	introduced		yes
Norway	extant	native		yes
Oman	extant	native	yes
Pakistan	extant	native		yes
Palestine	extant	native	yes
Panama	extant	introduced	yes
Papua New Guinea	extant	introduced	yes
Paraguay	extant	introduced	yes
Peru	extant	introduced	yes
Poland	extant	native		yes
Portugal	extant	native	yes
Puerto Rico (to USA)	extant	introduced	yes
Qatar	extant	native	yes
Réunion (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Romania	extant	native		yes
Russia	extant	native	yes	yes
Russia (Asian)	extant	introduced		yes
Russia (Central Asian)	extant	native	yes
Russia (European)	extant	native		yes
Samoa	extant	introduced	yes
San Marino	extant	native	yes
São Tomé e Príncipe	extant	introduced	yes
Saudi Arabia	extant	native	yes
Senegal	extant	introduced	yes
Serbia	extant	native		yes
Seychelles	extant	introduced		yes
Singapore	extant	introduced		yes
Sint Maarten (to Netherlands)	extant	introduced	yes
Slovakia	extant	native		yes
Slovenia	extant	native	yes
Somalia	extant	introduced		yes
South Africa	extant	introduced		yes
South Korea	extant	introduced	yes
Spain	extant	native	yes
Sri Lanka	extant	introduced	yes
St Barthelemy (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
St Helena (to UK)	extant	introduced		yes
St Kitts and Nevis	extant	introduced	yes
St Lucia	extant	introduced	yes
St Martin (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
St Pierre and Miquelon (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
St Vincent and the Grenadines	extant	introduced	yes
Sudan	extant	native	yes
Suriname	extant	introduced	yes
Sweden	extant	native	yes
Switzerland	extant	native		yes
Syria	extant	native	yes
Taiwan, China	extant	introduced	yes
Tajikistan	extant	native		yes
Thailand	extant	introduced		yes
Timor-Leste	extant	introduced	yes
Togo	extant	introduced	yes
Tonga	extant	introduced	yes
Trinidad and Tobago	extant	introduced	yes
Tunisia	extant	native	yes
Türkiye	extant	native	yes
Turkmenistan	extant	native		yes
Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Uganda	extant	introduced	yes
Ukraine	extant	native	yes
United Arab Emirates	extant	native	yes
United Kingdom	extant	native	yes
United States Minor Outlying Islands (to USA)	extant	introduced		yes
Uruguay	extant	introduced	yes
USA	extant	introduced		yes
Uzbekistan	extant	native		yes
Venezuela	extant	introduced	yes
Vietnam	extant	introduced		yes
Virgin Islands (to UK)	extant	introduced	yes
Virgin Islands (to USA)	extant	introduced	yes
Wallis and Futuna Islands (to France)	extant	introduced	yes
Western Sahara	extant	native		yes
Yemen	extant	native	yes
Zambia	extant	introduced		yes
Zimbabwe	extant	introduced		yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitats & altitude

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Arable Land	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Pastureland	suitable	resident
Artificial/Terrestrial	Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest	major	resident
Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)	Caves	suitable	resident
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 4500 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Utilisation

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	subsistence, national
Sport hunting/specimen collecting	subsistence, national

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Rock Dove Columba livia. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/rock-dove-columba-livia on 22/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/11/2024.