EN
Red-billed Curassow Crax blumenbachii



Taxonomy

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm.

IUCN Red List criteria met and history
Red List criteria met
Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable
- C2a(i) A2cd; C2a(i); D1

Red List history
Year Category Criteria
2023 Endangered C2a(i)
2016 Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,v);C2a(i);D
2013 Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,v);C2a(i);D
2012 Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,v);C2a(i);D
2008 Endangered B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(i); D1
2004 Endangered
2000 Endangered
1996 Critically Endangered
1994 Critically Endangered
1988 Threatened
Species attributes

Migratory status not a migrant Forest dependency medium
Land-mass type continent
Average mass -
Range

Estimate Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident) 134,000 km2 medium
Area of Occupancy (breeding/resident) 3,440 km2
Severely fragmented? no -
Population
Estimate Data quality Derivation Year of estimate
Population size 480 mature individuals medium estimated 2022
Population trend decreasing poor inferred -
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods) 30-49% - - -
Generation length 9.2 years - - -
Number of subpopulations 8-100 - - -
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation 1-89% - - -

Population justification: A systematic survey using line transects and camera-trapping in Vale Nature Reserve in 2013 found a population of 325 individuals (Alves et al. 2017a). This roughly equates to 215 mature individuals. The authors extrapolate that the adjacent Sooretama Biological Reserve could hold a population of roughly equal size; however they assume that there is no connectivity between both populations as the highway separating the reserves is likely acting as a barrier to dispersal (Alves et al. 2017a). Further population estimates include 33 individuals (equivalent to 22 mature individuals) in Descobrimento National Park and at least 15 individuals (equivalent to 10 mature individuals) in Una Biological Reserve (Phalan et al. 2020), with an unknown, though likely small, number of individuals at other occupied sites. An extrapolation of the global population based on the findings from Vale Nature Reserve was deemed impossible due to local differences in occupancy rates, carrying capacity and hunting pressure (Alves et al. 2017a). It is however assumed that the forests of Vale and Sooretama combined hold c.90% of the global population (ICMBio 2018). Based on this assumption, the global population is here estimated to number 480 mature individuals.

Trend justification: Formerly widespread, the species has undergone drastic declines in the past and is now restricted to remaining fragments of Atlantic Rainforest in east Brazil. The main drivers of the decline appear to be hunting pressure and habitat destruction. Between 2000 and 2021, c.20% of tree cover has been lost within the species' original range (Global Forest Watch 2022, using Hansen et al. [2013] data and methods disclosed therein). This equates to a rate of tree cover loss of 25% over the past three generations (27.6 years). Even though the exact impact of hunting has not been quantified, it is likely that population declines exceeded 30% over the past three generations, with local extinctions in large parts of the range.
Although the population is now largely restricted to protected areas and locally stable or even increasing as a consequence of intense conservation actions and reintroductions, illegal hunting is still ongoing and assumed to be the most severe threat now (ICMBio 2018, Bernardo 2020, Phalan et al. 2020). Even though exact data on the population trend are lacking it is therefore assumed that the population declines are ongoing, albeit at a slower rate.


Country/territory distribution
Country/Territory Presence Origin Resident Breeding visitor Non-breeding visitor Passage migrant
Brazil extant native yes

Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA)
Country/Territory IBA Name
Brazil Baixo-Sul
Brazil Ilhéus / Itabuna
Brazil Parque Nacional do Descobrimento
Brazil Sooretama / Linhares
Brazil Una

Habitats & altitude
Habitat (level 1) Habitat (level 2) Importance Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest marginal resident
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland major resident
Forest Subtropical/Tropical Swamp marginal resident
Altitude 0 - 500 m Occasional altitudinal limits  

Threats & impact
Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Agro-industry farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Biological resource use Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target) Timing Scope Severity Impact
Ongoing Minority (<50%) Rapid Declines Medium Impact: 6
Stresses
Species mortality

Utilisation
Purpose Scale
Food - human subsistence, national

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Red-billed Curassow Crax blumenbachii. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-billed-curassow-crax-blumenbachii on 23/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/12/2024.