• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	A2bc+3bc+4bc

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Vulnerable	A2bc+3bc+4bc
2016	Vulnerable	A2bc+3bc+4bc
2012	Vulnerable	A2bc+3bc+4bc
2008	Vulnerable	A2b,c; A3b,c; A4b,c
2004	Vulnerable
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type	continent	Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	2,280,000 km2	medium
Number of locations	11-100	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	500000-999999 mature individuals	medium	estimated	2019
Population trend	decreasing	medium	estimated	2010-2024
Rate of change over the past 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Rate of change over the past & future 10 years/3 generations (longer of the two periods)	30-49%	-	-	-
Generation length	4.63 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-100	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: Partners in Flight (2019) place the population size at 770,000 mature individuals, although Johnson et al. (2020) suggest this figure may be an overestimate due to estimates being outdated and based on the scant, available survey data, particularly in New Mexico where 29% of the global population is thought to reside. The number of mature individuals is therefore placed in the band 500,000-999,999 mature individuals to accommodate such uncertainty.

Trend justification: This species has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease in North America over the past 50 years, with a 84% total population loss currently estimated (Rosenberg et al. 2016, Johnson et al. 2020). Data from Breeding Bird Survey suggest that between 2003-2013 the species underwent a decline of c.-3.6% per year (Sauer et al. 2014). Its 'half-life' is estimated at 19 years (Rosenberg et al. 2016). Partners in Flight (2019) currently estimate the species to be declining at a rate of ~3.4% per annum, which equates to a ~38% decline over three generations (~14 years). The Breeding Bird Survey estimated the species to be declining at ~2.7% per annum, which equates to a decline of ~32% over three generations (Sauer et al. 2017). As such, the rate of decline is placed in the range of 30-49% across three generations.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Canada	extant	vagrant			yes
Mexico	extant	native	yes
USA	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Mexico	Sierra de San Pedro Mártir
Mexico	Sierra Juárez
USA	Anderson Mesa, Coconino National Forest
USA	Baldwin Lake
USA	East Mojave Peaks
USA	Wellington-Pine Grove Hills

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Rural Gardens	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Dry	suitable	non-breeding
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude	suitable	resident
Altitude	1000 - 2900 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Climate change & severe weather	Droughts	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Past, Likely to Return		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Past Impact
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Species mortality
Climate change & severe weather	Habitat shifting & alteration	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Reduced reproductive success
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Supression in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/pinyon-jay-gymnorhinus-cyanocephalus on 22/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 22/12/2024.