• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Ducula spilorrhoa (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split as D. spilorrhoa, D. subflavescens and D. constans following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993), but D. constans was subsequently lumped with D. spilorrhoa because Christidis and Boles (2008) did not recognize it (an Australian endemic) as a separate species. D. bicolor, D. luctuosa (del Hoyo and Collar 2014, Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) and D. spilorrhoa (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) are retained as separate species contra Christidis and Boles (2008), who included constans, spilorrhoa, subflavescens and luctuosa as subspecies of bicolor.

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	-	-

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2021	Least Concern
2020	Least Concern
2016	Least Concern
2013	Least Concern
2012	Least Concern
2009	Least Concern
2008	Least Concern
2004	Least Concern
2000	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	medium
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	10,900,000 km2
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	unknown	poor	-	2009
Population trend	decreasing	-	suspected	-
Generation length	6.7 years	-	-	-

Population justification: There is no overall estimate of the population size of the species. It is common in coastal regions with small offshore islands, but there are few records of sizable flocks. The largest concentration concerns a count of 9,190 individuals roosting on Ursula Island in the Philippines on 5th May 1987 (Hornskov 1995). Large numbers occur on islands between Sumatra and Kalimantan including Bangka-Belitung and the Riau archipelago: 5,000 individuals were counted in February 2014 at a communal roost on Belitung Island (Iqbal 2016). While the species is patchily distributed, the population is believed to be large given the wide range and frequency of records.

Trend justification: The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation, though the majority of the population is not thought to be affected.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Brunei	extant	native	yes
Cambodia	extant	native	yes
Christmas Island (to Australia)	extant	vagrant
India	extant	native	yes
Indonesia	extant	native	yes
Malaysia	extant	native	yes
Myanmar	extant	native	yes
Philippines	extant	native	yes
Singapore	extant	native	yes
Thailand	extant	native	yes
Vietnam	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	non-breeding
Artificial/Terrestrial	Plantations	suitable	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	suitable	non-breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level	suitable	breeding
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland	suitable	resident
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Swamp	suitable	resident
Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)		major	resident
Shrubland	Subtropical/Tropical Moist	suitable	resident
Altitude	0 - 1100 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Biological resource use	Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - Intentional use (species is the target)	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Purpose	Scale
Food - human	subsistence, national
Pets/display animals, horticulture	subsistence, national

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Pied Imperial-pigeon Ducula bicolor. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/pied-imperial-pigeon-ducula-bicolor on 20/12/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 20/12/2024.