• Summary
• Text account
• Data table and detailed info
• Distribution map
• Reference and further resources

Taxonomic note
Coeligena bonapartei, C. consita and C. eos (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as C. bonapartei following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Taxonomic source(s)
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Red List criteria met

Critically Endangered	Endangered	Vulnerable
-	B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i)	B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D1

Red List history

Year	Category	Criteria
2020	Endangered	B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i)
2016	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2014	Vulnerable	C2a(i)
2012	Not Recognised
2008	Not Recognised
2004	Not Recognised
2000	Not Recognised
1994	Not Recognised
1988	Not Recognised

Migratory status	not a migrant	Forest dependency	high
Land-mass type		Average mass	-

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence (breeding/resident)	2,400 km2	medium
Number of locations	2-5	-
Severely fragmented?	no	-

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
Population size	250-999 mature individuals	poor	estimated	2020
Population trend	decreasing	-	inferred	-
Generation length	2 years	-	-	-
Number of subpopulations	2-5	-	-	-
Percentage of mature individuals in largest subpopulation	1-89%	-	-	-

Population justification: The species was once considered to be fairly common at one Colombian locality (López-O et al. 2014). Recent surveys however only counted 10 individuals and the species is considered rare (O. Cortés in litt. 2020, P. Salaman in litt. 2020). Recent population densities estimates are low at 2.23 individuasl/km² (Fundación ProAves in litt. 2020). Assuming the species occupies only parts of its mapped range, the population may number 526 individuals, roughly equating to 351 mature individuals. However, based on uncertainty in population numbers, it is here tentatively placed in the band of 250-999 mature individuals, equating to 375-1,499 individuals.

Trend justification: Although it occupies a wide variety of habitat, the species is thought to in decline owing to habitat loss caused by illegal roads and settlements, mineral exploitation, cultivation of narcotics and coffee, cattle-ranching and colonisation. Recent forest loss estimates are low at <2% (Global Forest Watch 2020) across a three generation period (10 years; Bird et al. 2020). However, 20% of remaining habitat is thought to have been lost in the last 10-20 year period, with northern extremities likely to be absent in suitable habitat due do agriculture and colonisation (Cortés et al. 2020). The population is therefore thought to be decreasing (O. Cortés in litt. 2020), but the rate has not been quantified.

Country/Territory	Presence	Origin	Resident	Breeding visitor	Non-breeding visitor	Passage migrant
Colombia	extant	native	yes
Venezuela	extant	native	yes

Country/Territory	IBA Name
Colombia	Cerro Pintado (Serranía de Perijá)
Venezuela	Parque Nacional Perijá
Venezuela	Zona Protectora San Rafael de Guasare

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Forest	Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane	major	resident
Altitude	2550 - 3000 m	Occasional altitudinal limits	(min) 2300 m

Threat (level 1)	Threat (level 2)	Impact and Stresses
Agriculture & aquaculture	Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holder farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Agriculture & aquaculture	Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Majority (50-90%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Energy production & mining	Mining & quarrying	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Natural system modifications	Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation
Residential & commercial development	Housing & urban areas	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Rapid Declines		Medium Impact: 6
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion
Transportation & service corridors	Roads & railroads	Timing		Scope		Severity		Impact
		Ongoing		Minority (<50%)		Slow, Significant Declines		Low Impact: 5
		Stresses Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion

Purpose	Scale
Pets/display animals, horticulture	international

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Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2024) Species factsheet: Perija Starfrontlet Coeligena consita. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/perija-starfrontlet-coeligena-consita on 23/11/2024.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2024) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/search on 23/11/2024.